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Seminole Hard Rock @HardRockHolly Favorites ListsUnmute @HardRockHolly Mute @HardRockHolly User Actions Tweet to @HardRockHollySend a Direct MessageAdd or remove from lists…MuteUnmuteBlockUnblockReportHide this suggestionTurn on RetweetsTurn off RetweetsTurn on mobile notificationsTurn off mobile notificationsEmbed this Profile Follow Following Unfollow Blocked Unblock Pending Cancel Seminole Hard Rock @HardRockHolly Eat, sleep play and party like a rock star at Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino! #SeminoleHardRock Hollywood, Florida seminolehardrockhollywood.com Joined June 2009 Tweet to Seminole Hard Rock 10 Followers you know 1,658 Photos and videos Photos and videos

6:24 PM - 6 Oct 2015

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' data-mentions="TheRealBuddyGuy" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="651523396644155393" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

4:15 PM - 6 Oct 2015

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' data-mentions="beardfoundation" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="651490874233221120" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

12:47 PM - 6 Oct 2015

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' data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="651438649897259008" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

4:05 PM - 5 Oct 2015

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' data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="651126038550876160" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

10:00 AM - 5 Oct 2015

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' data-mentions="kcandsunshineb" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="651034171809239040" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

9:03 PM - 4 Oct 2015

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' data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="650838668165410816" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

2:46 PM - 4 Oct 2015

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' data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="650743789464735744" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

12:47 PM - 4 Oct 2015

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' data-mentions="HRCHollywoodFL" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="650713954466033665" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

3:42 PM - 3 Oct 2015

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' data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="650395562102161409" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

3:31 PM - 3 Oct 2015

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' data-mentions="HRCHollywoodFL MiamiDolphins nyjets" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="650392632842063872" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

11:30 AM - 3 Oct 2015

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' data-mentions="CHRIS_Daughtry" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="650332046028505089" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

2:56 PM - 2 Oct 2015

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' data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="650021498976083968" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

9:12 PM - 1 Oct 2015

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' data-mentions="MarchofDimesFL" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="649753703621246980" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

9:12 PM - 1 Oct 2015

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' data-mentions="MarchofDimesFL" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="649753703621246980" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

5:29 PM - 1 Oct 2015

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' data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="649697737416572929" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

3:28 PM - 1 Oct 2015

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' data-mentions="HRCHollywoodFL MiamiDolphins nyjets" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="649667122671431680" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

1:19 PM - 1 Oct 2015

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' data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="649634697446850560" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

10:30 AM - 1 Oct 2015

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' data-mentions="beardfoundation" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="649592113659678720" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

9:56 AM - 1 Oct 2015

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' data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="649583634110922752" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

7:58 PM - 30 Sep 2015

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' data-mentions="CHRIS_Daughtry" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="649372668987224064" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

7:15 PM - 30 Sep 2015

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' data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="649361842385502208" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false"> Who to follow · Refresh · View all Followed by CarylThompsonRealtor and others Follow FollowingUnfollowBlockedUnblockPendingCancel Followed by CarylThompsonRealtor and others Follow FollowingUnfollowBlockedUnblockPendingCancel Follow FollowingUnfollowBlockedUnblockPendingCancel Find friends Atlanta Trends · Change Roddy Victor Cruz #askPattie #WildCard Stumptown #YoureAnEgomaniacIf Greg Hardy #IfAllElseFailsJust Battlefront Justine Sacco © 2015 Twitter Tweets Tweets Tweets & replies Photos & videos @HardRockHolly is blockedAre you sure you want to view these Tweets? Viewing Tweets won't unblock @HardRockHolly.View Tweets Close Seminole Hard Rock followed Seminole Hard Rock ‏@HardRockHolly Less than 10 days for @TheRealBuddyGuy and there are still some tickets left! Get yours: http://bit.ly/1VDHozM ? pic.twitter.com/SEVXx130ae 6:24 PM - 6 Oct 2015 · Details 1 retweet 2 favorites Reply Retweet 1 Retweeted 1 Favorite 2 Favorited 2 More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report Seminole Hard Rock ‏@HardRockHolly Reserve your seat as #KuroHardRock heads to NY #BeardHouse @beardfoundation http://bit.ly/JBFDetails pic.twitter.com/Ht6ceh1iIJ 4:15 PM - 6 Oct 2015 · Details 0 retweets 0 favorites Reply Retweet Retweeted Favorite Favorited More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report

2:45 PM - 6 Oct 2015

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' data-mentions="KitsieDuncan" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="651468399105675264" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false" data-is-reply-to="true" data-has-parent-tweet="true"> Seminole Hard Rock ‏@HardRockHolly Just one way to show our love and appreciation to our guests when they stay on property and share their experience like you! @KitsieDuncan View conversation Hide conversation 0 retweets 1 favorite Reply Retweet Retweeted Favorite 1 Favorited 1 More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report Seminole Hard Rock Retweeted Kitsie Duncan ‏@KitsieDuncan Davie, FL This place jest keeps getting better! thanks #thisishardrock @hardrockholly I am having so much fun! #pinkiesup pic.twitter.com/Nlk3q8Qk3w Seminole Hard Rock 2:37 PM - 6 Oct 2015 · Details 3 retweets 4 favorites Reply Retweet 3 Retweeted 3 Favorite 4 Favorited 4 More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report

2:01 PM - 6 Oct 2015

· Details

' data-mentions="HardRockHolly shrpo" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="651457331700592645" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false" data-retweet-id="651458939775754240" data-retweeter="HardRockHolly"> Seminole Hard Rock Retweeted The Poker Room ‏@SHRThePokerRoom Today's @HardRockHolly $110 MBJCC Step Satellite w/ 1 Seat GTD Starts in 1 hour! Late reg until 5:15p http://ow.ly/T4rVP @SHRPO 1 retweet 0 favorites Reply Retweet 1 Retweeted 1 Favorite Favorited More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report

1:06 PM - 6 Oct 2015

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' data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="651443394598846464" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false" data-retweet-id="651453992170561536" data-retweeter="HardRockHolly" data-card2-type="summary"> Seminole Hard Rock Retweeted Kitsie Duncan ‏@KitsieDuncan LIVE on #Periscope: Hard Rock Hollywoof FL Poolsidea https://www.periscope.tv/w/aOP3DjU2NzIwMDF8MXpxS1Z5RE5rcmR4QnLzvnqWKAPRQQup_DTSm0uZraXd_JfH_xQ_Xvh5D2FS … View summary Hide summary 1 retweet 3 favorites Reply Retweet 1 Retweeted 1 Favorite 3 Favorited 3 More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report Seminole Hard Rock ‏@HardRockHolly Lunch by the pool in October, can't do that everywhere! #FLTravelChat #SouthFlorida pic.twitter.com/FuYVNtGt0k 12:47 PM - 6 Oct 2015 · Details 2 retweets 0 favorites Reply Retweet 2 Retweeted 2 Favorite Favorited More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report Seminole Hard Rock Retweeted Kitsie Duncan ‏@KitsieDuncan Davie, FL This is my #Ursula cosplay! #happilyeverafter #TheLittleMermaid #arielistheshit #lbar #mrandmrsgeeky pic.twitter.com/YaoRTJsMye Seminole Hard Rock 12:15 AM - 6 Oct 2015 · Details 2 retweets 6 favorites Reply Retweet 2 Retweeted 2 Favorite 6 Favorited 6 More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report

5:46 PM - 5 Oct 2015

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' data-mentions="HardRockHolly IsleCasinoPP SemCasinoCoCo MardiGrasFL" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="651151594352807936" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false" data-retweet-id="651151755678322688" data-retweeter="HardRockHolly" data-card2-type="summary"> Seminole Hard Rock Retweeted SouthFlorida.com ‏@southflorida 2014 Best Casino finalists, get nominated for 2015 http://sunsent.nl/bestof ! @HardRockHolly
@IsleCasinoPP @SemCasinoCoCo @MardiGrasFL View summary Hide summary 2 retweets 3 favorites Reply Retweet 2 Retweeted 2 Favorite 3 Favorited 3 More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report Seminole Hard Rock ‏@HardRockHolly Stop by Constant Grind for these #Pinktober treats! #BreastCancerAwarenessMonth #ThisIsHardRock pic.twitter.com/i4Jf7NB7WG 4:05 PM - 5 Oct 2015 · Details 0 retweets 4 favorites Reply Retweet Retweeted Favorite 4 Favorited 4 More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report

3:05 PM - 5 Oct 2015

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' data-mentions="TheRealBuddyGuy HardRockHolly" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="651111067968532484" data-you-follow="true" data-you-block="false" data-retweet-id="651116182100013056" data-retweeter="HardRockHolly" data-card2-type="summary_large_image"> Seminole Hard Rock Retweeted Fort Lauderdale ‏@visitlauderdale 6-time Grammy award-winner @TheRealBuddyGuy brings Chicago blues to @HardRockHolly #Hellosunny http://bit.ly/1LeYSzw 10/15 View summary Hide summary 2 retweets 2 favorites Reply Retweet 2 Retweeted 2 Favorite 2 Favorited 2 More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report Seminole Hard Rock Retweeted SouthFlorida.com ‏@southflorida Don't forget to nominate your favorite spots for #BestofSouthFlorida - http://sunsent.nl/bestof pic.twitter.com/kOcz02yWjN 12:20 PM - 5 Oct 2015 · Details 2 retweets 0 favorites Reply Retweet 2 Retweeted 2 Favorite Favorited More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report

1:30 PM - 5 Oct 2015

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' data-mentions="HardRockHolly shrpo" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="651087042030477312" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false" data-retweet-id="651101468087484416" data-retweeter="HardRockHolly"> Seminole Hard Rock Retweeted The Poker Room ‏@SHRThePokerRoom The next @HardRockHolly Rock 'n Roll Poker Open $2M GTD Champ Mega is Sunday 10/11! $385bi w/ 5 Seats GTD http://ow.ly/SN6pT @SHRPO 3 retweets 3 favorites Reply Retweet 3 Retweeted 3 Favorite 3 Favorited 3 More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report Seminole Hard Rock Retweeted Kitsie Duncan ‏@KitsieDuncan Davie, FL Our view for the next 3 days, #notbadatall #hardrock #lifeisgood #happilyeverafter #nofilterneeded pic.twitter.com/bNgFrpEad5 Seminole Hard Rock 12:13 PM - 5 Oct 2015 · Details 1 retweet 8 favorites Reply Retweet 1 Retweeted 1 Favorite 8 Favorited 8 More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report Seminole Hard Rock Retweeted Hard Rock Cafe ‏@HRCHollywoodFL Hollywood, FL Rock with us all week long! Live music Tue, Wed, Thur. and Friday night at the Hard Rock Cafe inside @HardRockHolly pic.twitter.com/D9dKgq3zU3 1:29 PM - 5 Oct 2015 · Details 4 retweets 4 favorites Reply Retweet 4 Retweeted 4 Favorite 4 Favorited 4 More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report Seminole Hard Rock ‏@HardRockHolly March 19th see @kcandsunshineb - Pre sale goes live 10/8 http://bit.ly/KCSunTickets password SHINE #ThisIsHardRock pic.twitter.com/dvxYOJpBfh 10:00 AM - 5 Oct 2015 · Details 1 retweet 2 favorites Reply Retweet 1 Retweeted 1 Favorite 2 Favorited 2 More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report Seminole Hard Rock ‏@HardRockHolly Celebrate at Kuro! #NationalTacoDay #WagyuBeef #KuroHardRock pic.twitter.com/qEA9vKFjyW 9:03 PM - 4 Oct 2015 · Details 3 retweets 4 favorites Reply Retweet 3 Retweeted 3 Favorite 4 Favorited 4 More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report Seminole Hard Rock ‏@HardRockHolly Beer specials on game days at #centerbar and on the casino floor #NFL #ThisIsHardRock pic.twitter.com/VLuKAVrcD3 2:46 PM - 4 Oct 2015 · Details 3 retweets 1 favorite Reply Retweet 3 Retweeted 3 Favorite 1 Favorited 1 More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report Seminole Hard Rock Retweeted JP Taylor ‏@HardRockJP @HardRockHolly's Seminole Paradise rockin' the #Pinktober napkins! So cool. pic.twitter.com/AxTzgv3CIp 7:17 PM - 3 Oct 2015 · Details 1 retweet 2 favorites Reply Retweet 1 Retweeted 1 Favorite 2 Favorited 2 More Share via Direct MessageCopy link to TweetEmbed TweetMuteUnmuteBlockUnblock Report @HardRockHolly hasn't tweeted yet. Back to top ↑Loading seems to be taking a while. Twitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup. Try again or visit Twitter Status for more information. Close Flag this mediaThis has already been marked as containing sensitive content. Flag this as containing potentially illegal content. Submit Cancel Learn more about flagging media Close Trends Trends tailored just for you.Trends offer a unique way to get closer to what you care about. They are tailored for you based on your location and who you follow.Change Keep tailored Trends Get tailored Trends Done Your Tweet to @VisitPensacola has been sent! 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Learn more Direct Messages Mark all as read New message Close Dismiss Would you like to receive notifications for new messages? Maybe later Enable notifications Talk privately You don't have any messages yet. Send a Direct Message Back to inbox In this group Close Dismiss Done Close PhotoTweet to Pensacola Florida Tweet text @VisitPensacola Saved searchesRemove Recent searchesClear All Remove Suggested users Dismiss Trim Play Who's in this photo? Users in this photo Saved searchesRemove Recent searchesClear All Remove Suggested users Media Add media Florida, USA Uploading Processing 124 Tweet Send message Close Close Go to a person's profileRetweet this to your followers?Optional comment for Retweet Add a comment... 100 Retweet Tweet Add a comment...Close Close Are you sure you want to delete this Tweet?Cancel Delete Close Promote this TweetClose BlockCancel Block Turn off location Close Profile summary Blocked Unblock Pending Cancel Seminole Hard Rock @HardRockHolly Eat, sleep play and party like a rock star at Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino! #SeminoleHardRock Followed by Shestokas 4 Ft Myers and 9 others Tweets7,852 Following13.5K Followers24.6K Close Your listsClose Create a new listList name Description Under 100 characters, optional Privacy Public · Anyone can follow this list Private · Only you can access this list Save list Close Close Security challengeThere appears to be some suspicious activity on your account. 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Seminole Hard Rock @HardRockHolly Favorites ListsUnmute @HardRockHolly Mute @HardRockHolly User Actions Tweet to @HardRockHollySend a Direct MessageAdd or remove from lists…MuteUnmuteBlockUnblockReportHide this suggestionTurn on RetweetsTurn off RetweetsTurn on mobile notificationsTurn off mobile notificationsEmbed this Profile Follow Following Unfollow Blocked Unblock Pending Cancel Seminole Hard Rock @HardRockHolly Eat, sleep play and party like a rock star at Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino! #SeminoleHardRock Hollywood, Florida seminolehardrockhollywood.com Joined June 2009 Tweet to Seminole Hard Rock 10 Followers you know 1,658 Photos and videos Photos and videos

6:24 PM - 6 Oct 2015

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4:15 PM - 6 Oct 2015

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12:47 PM - 6 Oct 2015

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4:05 PM - 5 Oct 2015

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' data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="651126038550876160" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

10:00 AM - 5 Oct 2015

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9:03 PM - 4 Oct 2015

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2:46 PM - 4 Oct 2015

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12:47 PM - 4 Oct 2015

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3:42 PM - 3 Oct 2015

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3:31 PM - 3 Oct 2015

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11:30 AM - 3 Oct 2015

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2:56 PM - 2 Oct 2015

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9:12 PM - 1 Oct 2015

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9:12 PM - 1 Oct 2015

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' data-mentions="MarchofDimesFL" data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="649753703621246980" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

5:29 PM - 1 Oct 2015

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' data-follows-you="false" data-item-id="649697737416572929" data-you-follow="false" data-you-block="false">

3:28 PM - 1 Oct 2015

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1:19 PM - 1 Oct 2015

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10:30 AM - 1 Oct 2015

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9:56 AM - 1 Oct 2015

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2:01 PM - 6 Oct 2015

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5:46 PM - 5 Oct 2015

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Wikipedia Ruth Graham Lotz

Ruth Graham
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ruth Bell Graham
Born
(1920-06-10)June 10, 1920Qingjiang, Jiangsu, China
Died
June 14, 2007(2007-06-14) (aged 87)Montreat, North Carolina, USA
Occupation
Philanthropist, Poet, Author, Painter, Housewife
Religion
Presbyterian
Spouse(s)
Billy Graham (m. 1943-2007)
Children
FranklinNelsonVirginiaAnneRuth
Ruth Bell Graham (June 10, 1920 – June 14, 2007), wife of the famous evangelist Billy Graham, was born at Qingjiang, Jiangsu, China as Ruth McCue Bell, the second of five children. Her parents, Dr. L. Nelson Bell and Virginia McCue Bell, were medical missionaries at the Presbyterian Hospital 300 miles north of Shanghai. At the age of 13 she was enrolled in high school in Pyongyang, Korea, where she studied for three years. Ruth completed her high school education at Montreat, North Carolina, while her parents were there on furlough. She graduated from Wheaton College (Illinois) in Wheaton, Illinois.
The Grahams met at Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois and were married in the summer of 1943, shortly after their graduation. Ruth became a minister's wife for a brief period in Western Springs, Illinois. She lived out the rest of her life in Montreat, North Carolina. The Grahams have five children: Virginia (Gigi), Anne, Ruth, Franklin and Nelson Edman (Ned), nineteen grandchildren, and numerous great grandchildren. Grandson Tullian Tchividjian is senior pastor of Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
Mrs. Graham wrote “Our Christmas Story,” “Sitting by My Laughing Fire,” “It's My Turn,” “The Legacy of a Pack Rat,” “Prodigals and Those Who Love Them,” “Clouds Are the Dust of His Feet,” “One Wintry Night,” “Coffee and Conversation with Ruth Bell Graham and Gigi Graham Tchividjian,” “Collected Poems,” “Mothers Together,” and “Prayers From A Mother’s Heart.” Mrs. Graham’s most recent books published in 2001 are, “Never Let It End: Poems of a Lifelong Love“ published by Baker Books, “Footprints of a Pilgrim: The Life and Loves of Ruth Bell Graham,” published by Word Publishing and “A Quiet Knowing,” published by W Publishing Group.
Contents [hide]
1 Early life
2 Married life
3 Ministry
4 Philanthropy
5 Declining health and death
6 Bibliography
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Ruth Graham was born at Qingjiang, Jiangsu, China (now the main district of Huai'an, Jiangsu, China), as Ruth McCue Bell. Her parents, Dr. L. Nelson Bell and Virginia McCue Bell, were American medical missionaries at the Presbyterian Hospital 300 miles north of Shanghai.[1] She grew up in China in a deeply religious household.[2] Some of her early life in China is depicted in the biography of her father, a general surgeon, in "A Foreign Devil in China" (by John Charles Pollock, ISBN 0-89066-141-3).
Bell studied for three years at a high school in Pyongyang, now in North Korea, before graduating from a school in Montreat, North Carolina, while her parents were on furlough.[1]
Married life[edit]
Ruth returned to the U.S. at the age of 17 in the fall of 1937, and enrolled at Wheaton College, outside Chicago, Illinois, where she met Graham. They married on August 13, 1943. In 1945, after a brief stint as a suburban pastor, her husband became an evangelist for Youth for Christ. The Grahams moved to Montreat near her parents where the Grahams continued to live for the rest of their married life. Despite Billy Graham being one of the world's most famous Baptists, his wife remained a Presbyterian and often taught Sunday School.[2]
Between 1945 and 1958, Mrs. Graham gave birth to five children, whom she raised — sometimes single-handedly — while her husband was away on extended national and international evangelistic crusades. The three daughters and two sons who survive her are all actively involved in ministry, including eldest son Franklin, who heads the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (BGEA) founded by his father.[1]
Ministry[edit]
In 1959, Mrs. Graham published her first book, Our Christmas Story, an illustrated volume for children. She went on to write or co-write 13 other books, many of them works of poetry she wrote as an emotional release while her husband was so often on the road through the years.[1]
Mrs. Graham’s significant role in Billy Graham's ministry was recognized in 1996, when they were jointly awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in a special ceremony in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D.C..[2]
Ruth Graham was always a vital part of Billy Graham’s evangelistic career, and he turned to her for advice and input about many ministry decisions. One of the early uses of media by the BGEA was the “Hour of Decision” radio program begun in 1950, which she named. After her upbringing in China and high school experience in Korea, she continued to have compassion for the people of Asia. She encouraged her husband to visit and later accompanied him during his historic visits to the People's Republic of China.[citation needed]
Philanthropy[edit]
In 1966, she founded the Ruth and Billy Graham Children's Health Center in Asheville, North Carolina, with which she was actively involved until her death.[2]
Declining health and death[edit]
Wikinews has related news: Ruth Bell Graham dies at 87
Ruth Graham had been in frail health since suffering spinal meningitis in 1995. This was exacerbated by a degenerative osteoarthritis of the back and neck that began with a fall while testing a swing she made for her grandchildren in 1974 that resulted in chronic back pain for many years. During the final months of her life, Graham was bedridden and had contracted pneumonia.[3]
The day before Ruth's death, Billy Graham released a statement through the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association stating, "Ruth is my soul mate and best friend, and I cannot imagine living a single day without her by my side. I am more and more in love with her today than when we first met over 65 years ago as students at Wheaton College."[4]
On Monday, June 11, at Ruth's request and subsequent to consultation with her family, she was removed from life support. On June 13, 2007, following her decline into a semi-coma, Billy Graham announced that he and his wife had decided to be buried beside each other at the Billy Graham Library in Charlotte, North Carolina.[5] She died at 5:05 p.m. EDT June 14, 2007, at her home, Little Piney Cove, in Montreat, North Carolina, with her husband and five children at her bedside, just 4 days after her 87th birthday.[6] A private ceremony followed by burial on the grounds of the Billy Graham Library was held on Sunday, June 17, 2007.[7]

Ruth Graham gravestone at Billy Graham Library in Charlotte, North Carolina
In a statement released from Wheaton College, Dr. Duane Litfin, president of the school, remarked, "Strong, steady, and dauntless, Ruth Bell Graham was the glue that held the many of the parts of their lives together." Understanding the importance of his calling, Ruth joined Reverend Graham willingly in his ministry, though she preferred her role to be behind the scenes.[8]
Bibliography[edit]
Ruth Graham was a poet and writer, authoring or co-authoring 14 books, as well as a regular contributor for newspapers and magazines.
Our Christmas Story, 1959
Family Bible Library, 1971 (Board of Editorial Advisors)
Sitting by My Laughing Fire, 1977 (revised 2006)
It's My Turn, 1982
Legacy of a Pack Rat, 1989
Prodigals and Those Who Love Them, 1991
Clouds are the Dust of His Feet, 1992
One Wintry Night, 1994
Collected Poems, 1997
Prayers from a Mother's Heart, 1999
Footprints of a Pilgrim: The Life and Loves of Ruth Bell Graham, 2001
Never Let It End: Poems of a Lifelong Love, 2001
With Gigi Graham:
Coffee and Conversation With Ruth Bell Graham and Gigi Graham Tchividjian, 1997
Mothers Together, 1998
A Quiet Knowing, 2001
Her biography, A Time for Remembering (later reissued as Ruth: A Portrait), was an early work of novelist Patricia Cornwell.[9]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Los Angeles "Ruth Graham, 87; had active role as wife of evangelist" June 15, 2007
^ Jump up to: a b c d AP via Washington Post "Billy Graham's Wife Ruth Dies at 87" June 15, 2007
Jump up ^ DTL AP via San Francisco Chronicle "Billy Graham's Wife Ruth Dies" 14 June 2007
Jump up ^ "ORuth Bell Graham: A Legacy of Faith". Retrieved 2007-11-15.
Jump up ^ BGEA (June 14, 2007). "Billy Graham Statement on Selection of Burial Site". Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Retrieved 2007-06-14.
Jump up ^ BGEA (June 14, 2007). "Ruth Bell Graham Dies". Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Retrieved 2007-06-14.
Jump up ^ Billy Graham's Wife Buried, MSNBC.com
Jump up ^ Ruth Bell Graham: A Legacy of Faith
Jump up ^ Cornwell, Patricia (October 20, 1998). Ruth, A Portrait: The story of Ruth Bell Graham. Galilee Trade; New Ed edition. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-385-48900-3.
External links[edit]
Billy Graham Evangelistic Association
Memorial at Billy Graham Evangelistic Association
Ruth Graham at Find a Grave
Obituary in The Times
Authority control
WorldCat
VIAF: 18042646
LCCN: n82043196
ISNI: 0000 0001 1748 0731
GND: 120035731
Persondata
Name
Graham, Ruth Bell
Alternative names
Short description
Congressional Gold Medal recipient
Date of birth
June 10, 1920
Place of birth
Qingjiang, Jiangsu, China
Date of death
June 14, 2007
Place of death
Montreat, North Carolina, USA
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Graham&oldid=647269679"
Categories:
1920 births
2007 deaths
American expatriates in China
American Christians
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Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Graham family
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Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni
Writers from North Carolina
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Teatro Praga

#42 DEZEMBRO | DECEMBER 2013

Próximo Espetáculo Tropa-Fandanga Teatro Nacional D. Maria II
20 de fevereiro a 16 de março de 2014

MC93 Bobigny (França)
4 a 6 de abril de 2014

O Teatro Praga está a desenvolver e ensaiar Tropa-Fandanga, uma revista que assinala o centenário do início da I Guerra Mundial e os 40 anos do final da Guerra Colonial portuguesa. Esta coprodução do Teatro Praga com o Teatro Nacional D. Maria II e o MC93 estreará dia 20 de fevereiro no Teatro Nacional D. Maria II e estará em cena até 16 de março, sendo apresentado em Bobigny no MC93 nos dias 4, 5 e 6 de abril.

Next Performance Tropa-Fandanga Teatro Nacional D. Maria II
20th of February to 16th of March 2014

MC93 Bobigny (France)
4th to 6th of April 2014

Teatro Praga is currently working on Tropa-Fandanga, a revue marking the centenary of the beginning of World War I and the 40th anniversary of the end of the portuguese Colonial War. This coproduction with Teatro Nacional D. Maria II and MC93 will premiere on the 20th of February on Teatro Nacional D. Maria II and will be on until the 16th of March. It will be shown in Paris at MC93 Bobigny on the 4th, 5th and 6th of April.

TABUROPA Research Phase Teatro Praga, Futur3, Art Pratictioners 9 a 19 de dezembro

De 9 a 19 de dezembro decorre em Lisboa a Research Phase do projeto de cooperação internacional Taburopa. O Teatro Praga acolhe durante este período Andre Erlen, encenador da companhia alemã Futur3 e quatro performers polacos da Arts Practitioners (Dominika Biernat, Sean Palmer, Dawid Zakowski e Joanna Wichowska) no DNA Lisboa, onde será também realizada uma apresentação pública do resultado deste trabalho de pesquisa.

TABUROPA Research Phase Teatro Praga, Futur3, Art Pratictioners 9th to 19th of December

The Research Phase for the international cooperation project Taburopa will take place in Lisbon on the 9th to 19th of December. Teatro Praga will be hosting Andre Erlen, director of the German theatre company Futur3, as well as four polish performers from Arts Practitioners (Dominika Biernat, Sean Palmer, Dawid Zakowski and Joanna Wichowska) at DNA Lisboa, where a public presentation of the result of this research work will be shown.

Catequese Catequese na Porta 33 com André e. Teodósio e José Maria Vieira Mendes 13 de dezembro - 18-21h
14 de dezembro - 14-20h
15 de dezembro - 14-20h

Desde 2011 que o Teatro Praga se dedica à Catequese. Em diferentes formatos e com diferentes temáticas este é sempre o espaço que quer ser um momento de reflexão, misto de intimidade dubitativa e pregação intolerante. Desta vez, na sua viagem pregatória, Catequese passa pela Porta 33 com André e. Teodósio (que já visitou esta casa por outras ocasiões) e o escritor José Maria Vieira Mendes. Ambos tentarão ajudar os participantes não a encontrar respostas mas a reformular as suas perguntas. Sobre teatro, por exemplo. Mas também literatura ou dança ou dicionários ou mortes e nascimentos e histórias e por aí fora.

Inscrições/informações: porta33@porta33.com

Catechism Catechism at Porta 33 with André e. Teodósio and José Maria Vieira Mendes13th of December – 18-21h
14th of December – 14-20h
15th of December – 14-20h

Teatro Praga has been practicing Catechism since 2011. In different formats and on different themes this is always the space which aims to be a moment for thinking, mixture of doubtful intimacy and intolerant preaching. This time, in its preaching journey, Catechism goes to Porta 33 with André e. Teodósio (who has visited this house on previous occasions) and writer José Maria Vieira Mendes. Both will try to help the participants not in finding answers, but in rephrasing their questions. On theatre, for instance. But also literature or dance or dictionaries or deaths and births and stories and so on.

Sign-up/information: porta33@porta33.com

Acolhimento OLD SCHOOL #28MANUEL BOTELHO
"Viagem Triunfal"
Curadoria de Susana Pomba
7 de dezembro - 22h
Rua das Gaivotas 6, 1200-201 Lisboa, Santos

HostingOLD SCHOOL #28MANUEL BOTELHO
"Viagem Triunfal"
Curated by Susana Pomba
7th of December - 22h
Rua das Gaivotas 6, 1200-201 Lisboa, Santos


O Teatro Praga é financiado pela Secretaria de Estado da Cultura/DGArtes e é estrutura associada de O Espaço do Tempo.		Teatro Praga is financed by Secretaria de Estado da Cultura/DGArtes and associated to O Espaço do Tempo.

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Indiana

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Indiana

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the U.S. state of Indiana. For other uses, see Indiana (disambiguation).

"Hoosier State" redirects here. For the passenger train, see Hoosier State (train).

State of Indiana


Flag	Seal

Nickname(s): The Hoosier State

Motto(s): The Crossroads of America

Official language

English

Spoken languages

English and other languages

Demonym

Hoosier^[1]

Capital
(and largest city)

Indianapolis

Largest metro

Indianapolis metropolitan area

Area

Ranked 38th

- Total

36,418 sq mi
(94,321 km²)

- Width

140 miles (225 km)

- Length

270 miles (435 km)

- % water

1.5

- Latitude

37° 46′ N to 41° 46′ N

- Longitude

84° 47′ W to 88° 6′ W

Population

Ranked 16th

- Total

6,570,902 (2013 est)^[2]

- Density

182/sq mi (70.2/km²)
Ranked 16th

Elevation

- Highest point

Hoosier Hill^[3]^[4]
1,257 ft (383 m)

- Mean

700 ft (210 m)

- Lowest point

Confluence of Ohio River and Wabash River^[3]^[4]
320 ft (97 m)

Before statehood

Indiana Territory

Admission to Union

December 11, 1816 (19th)

Mike Pence (R)

Sue Ellspermann (R)

- Upper house

- Lower house

House of Representatives

U.S. Senators

Dan Coats (R)
Joe Donnelly (D)

U.S. House delegation

7 Republicans,
2 Democrats (list)

Time zones

- 80 counties

Eastern: UTC −5/−4

- 12 counties in
Evansville and
Gary Metro Areas
For more information,
see Time in Indiana

Central: UTC −6/−5

Abbreviations

IN, Ind. US-IN

Website

www.in.gov

[show]Indiana state symbols

Indiana ⁱ/ɪndiˈænə/ is a U.S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States. Indiana is the least extensive state in the contiguous United States west of the Appalachian Mountains. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11, 1816.

Before it became a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Since its founding as a territory, settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States; the state's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York, Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio, and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states, particularly Kentucky and Tennessee.^[5]

Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012.^[6] Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns. Indiana is home to several major sports teams and athletic events including the NFL's Indianapolis Colts, the NBA's Indiana Pacers, the WNBA’s Indiana Fever, and the Indianapolis 500 and Brickyard 400 motorsports races.

Etymology

The state's name means "Land of the Indians," or simply "Indian Land."^[7] It also stems from Indiana's territorial history. On May 7, 1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the western section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a part of this territorial land became the geographic area for the new state.^[8]^[9]^[10]

A resident of Indiana is known as a Hoosier. The etymology of this word is disputed, but the leading theory, as advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society, has "Hoosier" originating from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Tennessee (a part of the upland South region of the United States) as a term for a backwoodsman, a rough countryman, or a country bumpkin.^[11]^[12]

History

Main article: History of Indiana

The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, who arrived about 8000 BC after the melting of the glaciers at the end of the Ice Age. Divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking.^[13] The Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, an important step in civilization. Such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as stone axes, woodworking tools and grinding stones. During the latter part of the period, they built earthwork mounds and middens, which showed that settlements were becoming more permanent. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC.^[13] Afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, and extended their cultivation of plants. An early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods. Nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD.^[13] The Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with large mounds and plazas defining ceremonial and public spaces. The concentrated settlements depended on the agricultural surpluses. One such complex was the Angel Mounds. They had large public areas such as plazas and platform mounds, where leaders lived or conducted rituals. Mississippian civilization collapsed in Indiana during the mid-1400s for reasons that remain unclear.^[13] The historic Native American tribes in the area at the time of European encounter spoke different languages of the Algonquian family. They included the Shawnee, Miami, and Illini. Later they were joined by refugee tribes from eastern regions.

Native Americans guide French explorers through Indiana, as depicted by Maurice Thompson in Stories of Indiana.

In 1679 the French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle was the first European to cross into Indiana after reaching present-day South Bend at the Saint Joseph River.^[14] He returned the following year to learn about the region. French-Canadian fur traders soon arrived, bringing blankets, jewelry, tools, whiskey and weapons to trade for skins with the Native Americans. By 1702, Sieur Juchereau established the first trading post near Vincennes. In 1715, Sieur de Vincennes built Fort Miami at Kekionga, now Fort Wayne. In 1717, another Canadian, Picote de Beletre, built Fort Ouiatenon on the Wabash River, to try to control Native American trade routes from Lake Erie to the Mississippi River. In 1732, Sieur de Vincennes built a second fur trading post at Vincennes. French Canadian settlers, who had left the earlier post because of hostilities, returned in larger numbers. In a period of a few years, British colonists arrived from the East and contended against the Canadians for control of the lucrative fur trade. Fighting between the French and British colonists occurred throughout the 1750s as a result.

Iroquois conquests during the Beaver Wars (mid-1600s), which largely depopulated the upper and mid-Ohio River valley.^[15]

The Native American tribes of Indiana sided with the French Canadians during the French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years' War). With British victory in 1763, the French were forced to cede all their lands in North America east of the Mississippi River and north and west of the colonies to the British crown.

The tribes in Indiana did not give up; they destroyed Fort Ouiatenon and Fort Miami during Pontiac's Rebellion. The British royal proclamation of 1763 designated the land west of the Appalachians for Indian use, and excluded British colonists from the area, which the Crown called Indian Territory. In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began as the colonists sought for more self-government and independence from the British. The majority of the fighting took place near the East Coast, but the Patriot military officer George Rogers Clark called for an army to help fight the British in the west.^[16] Clark's army won significant battles and took over Vincennes and Fort Sackville on February 25, 1779.^[17] During the war, Clark managed to cut off British troops who were attacking the eastern colonists from the west. His success is often credited for changing the course of the American Revolutionary War.^[18] At the end of the war, through the Treaty of Paris, the British crown ceded their claims to the land south of the Great Lakes to the newly formed United States, including American Indian lands which they did not own.

In 1787 the US defined present-day Indiana as part of its Northwest Territory. In 1800, Congress separated Ohio from the Northwest Territory, designating the rest of the land as the Indiana Territory.^[19] President Thomas Jefferson chose William Henry Harrison as the governor of the territory and Vincennes was established as the capital.^[20] After Michigan was separated and the Illinois Territory was formed, Indiana was reduced to its current size and geography.^[19]

In 1810, the Shawnee chief Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa encouraged other tribes in the territory to resist European settlement. Tensions rose and the US authorized Harrison to launch a preemptive expedition against Tecumseh's Confederacy; the US gained victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe on November 7, 1811. Tecumseh was killed in 1813 during the Battle of Thames. After his death, armed resistance to United States control ended in the region. Most Native American tribes in the state were later removed to west of the Mississippi River in the 1820s and 1830s after US negotiations and purchase their lands.^[21]

In December 1813, Corydon was named the second capital of the Indiana Territory.^[19] Two years later, a petition for statehood was approved by the territorial general assembly and sent to Congress. An Enabling Act was passed to provide an election of delegates to write a constitution for Indiana. On June 10, 1816, delegates assembled at Corydon to write the constitution, which was completed in 19 days. President James Madison approved Indiana's admission into the union as the nineteenth state on December 11, 1816.^[17]

In 1825, the state capital was moved from Corydon to Indianapolis and 26 years later, a second constitution was adopted.^[19] Following statehood, the new government worked to transform Indiana from a frontier into a developed, well-populated, and thriving state, beginning significant demographic and economic changes. The state's founders initiated a program that led to the construction of roads, canals, railroads and state-funded public schools. The plans bankrupted the state and were a financial disaster, but increased land and produce value more than fourfold.^[22] Many immigrants went west to settle in Indiana in the early nineteenth century. The largest immigrant group to settle in Indiana were Germans, as well as numerous immigrants from Ireland and England. Americans who were primarily ethnically English migrated from the Northern Tier of New York and New England, as well as the mid-Atlantic state of Pennsylvania.^[23]^[24]

Child laborers in glassworks, by Lewis Hine. Indiana, August 1908.

During the American Civil War, Indiana became politically influential and played an important role in the affairs of the nation. As the first western state to mobilize for the United States in the war, Indiana had soldiers participating in all of the major engagements. The state provided 126 infantry regiments, 26 batteries of artillery and 13 regiments of cavalry to the cause of the Union.^[25] In 1861, Indiana was assigned a quota of 7,500 men to join the Union Army.^[26] So many volunteered in the first call that thousands had to be turned away. Before the war ended, Indiana contributed 208,367 men to fight and serve in the war. Casualties were over 35% among these men: 24,416 lost their lives in the conflict and over 50,000 more were wounded.^[27] The only Civil War battle fought in Indiana was the Battle of Corydon, which occurred during Morgan's Raid. The battle left 15 dead, 40 wounded, and 355 captured.^[28]

Following the American Civil War, Indiana industry began to grow at an accelerated rate across the northern part of the state. With industrialization, workers developed labor unions and suffrage movements arose in relation to the progress of women.^[29] The Indiana Gas Boom led to rapid industrialization during the late 19th century by providing cheap fuel to the region.^[30] In the early 20th century, Indiana developed into a strong manufacturing state with ties to the new auto industry.^[23] Haynes-Apperson, the nation's first commercially successful auto company, operated in Kokomo until 1925. The construction of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and the start of auto-related industries were also related to the auto industry boom.^[31]

During the 1930s, Indiana, like the rest of the nation, was affected by the Great Depression. The economic downturn had a wide-ranging negative impact on Indiana, such as the decline of urbanization. The Dust Bowl further to the west resulted in many migrants fleeing into the more industrialized Midwest. Governor Paul V. McNutt's administration struggled to build a state-funded welfare system to help the overwhelmed private charities. During his administration, spending and taxes were both cut drastically in response to the Depression, and the state government was completely reorganized. McNutt ended Prohibition in the state and enacted the state's first income tax. On several occasions, he declared martial law to put an end to worker strikes.^[32] World War II helped lift the economy in Indiana, as the war required steel, food and other goods that were produced in the state.^[33] Roughly 10 percent of Indiana's population joined the armed forces, while hundreds of industries earned war production contracts and began making war material.^[34] Indiana manufactured 4.5 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking eighth among the 48 states.^[35] The expansion of industry to meet war demands helped end the Great Depression.^[33]

With the conclusion of World War II, Indiana rebounded to levels of production prior to the Great Depression. Industry became the primary employer, a trend that continued into the 1960s. Urbanization during the 1950s and 1960s led to substantial growth in the state's cities. The auto, steel and pharmaceutical industries topped Indiana's major businesses. Indiana's population continued to grow during the years after the war, exceeding five million by the 1970 census.^[36] In the 1960s, the administration of Matthew E. Welsh adopted its first sales tax of two percent.^[37] Indiana schools were desegregated in 1949. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported Indiana's population as 95.5% white and 4.4% black.^[38] Governor Welsh also worked with the General Assembly to pass the Indiana Civil Rights Bill, granting equal protection to minorities in seeking employment.^[39]

Beginning in 1970, a series of amendments to the state constitution were proposed. With adoption, the Indiana Court of Appeals was created and the procedure of appointing justices on the courts was adjusted.^[40]

The 1973 oil crisis created a recession that hurt the automotive industry in Indiana. Companies such as Delco Electronics and Delphi began a long series of downsizing that contributed to high unemployment rates in manufacturing in Anderson, Muncie, and Kokomo. The restructuring and deindustrialization trend continued until the 1980s, when the national and state economy began to diversify and recover.^[41]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Indiana

Square quarter sections of farmland cover central Indiana.

Rolling hills in Brown County State Park, emblematic of the southern Indiana landscape.

Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in northwest Indiana.

The Wabash River near Williamsport.

With a total area (land and water) of 36,418 square miles (94,320 km²), Indiana ranks as the 38th largest state in size.^[42] The state has a maximum dimension north to south of 250 miles (400 km) and a maximum east to west dimension of 145 miles (233 km).^[43] The state’s geographic center (39° 53.7’N, 86° 16.0W) is in Marion County.^[44]

Located in the midwestern United States, Indiana is one of eight states that make up the Great Lakes Region.^[45] Indiana is bordered on the north by Michigan, on the east by Ohio, and on the west by Illinois,^[46] while Lake Michigan borders Indiana on the northwest and the Ohio River separates Indiana from Kentucky on the south.^[44]^[47]

The average altitude of Indiana is about 760 feet (230 m) above sea level.^[48] The highest point in the state is Hoosier Hill in Wayne County at 1,257 feet (383 m) above sea level.^[42]^[49] The lowest point at 320 feet (98 m) above sea level is located in Posey County, where the Wabash River flows into the Ohio River.^[42]^[44] Only 2,850 square miles (7,400 km²) have an altitude greater than 1,000 feet (300 m) and this area is enclosed within 14 counties. About 4,700 square miles (12,000 km²) have an elevation of less than 500 feet (150 m).^[50]

The state includes two natural regions of the United States, the Central Lowlands and the Interior Low Plateaus.^[51] The till plains make up the northern and central allotment of Indiana. Much of its appearance is a result of elements left behind by glaciers. Central Indiana is mainly flat with some low rolling hills (except where rivers cut deep valleys through the plain, like at the Wabash River and Sugar Creek) and soil composed of glacial sands, gravel and clay, which results in exceptional farmland.^[46] Northern Indiana is also very similar except for the presence of higher and hillier terminal moraines and many kettle lakes in some regions. In northwest Indiana, there are various sand ridges and dunes, some reaching near 200 feet in height. These are located along the Lake Michigan shoreline and also inland to the Kankakee River Valley. The unglaciated southern segment of the state carries a different and off-balance surface, characterized in places by profound valleys and rugged, hilly terrain much different from the rest of the state. Here, bedrock is exposed at the surface and isn't buried in glacial till like further north. There are numerous caves in the area. The soil is fertile in the valleys of southern Indiana.

Major river systems in Indiana include the Whitewater, White, Blue, Wabash, St. Joseph, and Maumee rivers.^[52] According to the Indiana Department of National Resources, in 2007 there were 65 rivers, streams, and creeks of environmental interest or scenic beauty, which included only a portion of an estimated 24,000 total river miles within the state.^[53] The Wabash River, which is the longest free-flowing river east of the Mississippi River, is the official river of Indiana.^[54]^[55]

At 475 miles (764 km) in length, the river bisects the state from northeast to southwest before flowing south, mostly along the Indiana-Illinois border. The river has been the subject of several songs, such as On the Banks of the Wabash, The Wabash Cannonball and Back Home Again, In Indiana.^[56]^[57] The Kankakee River passes through northern Indiana before emptying into the Illinois River and serves as a demarcating line between suburban northwest Indiana and the rest of the state.^[58]

There are over 1,000 lakes in Indiana.^[59] To the northwest, Indiana borders Lake Michigan, where the Port of Indiana operates the state's largest shipping port. Tippecanoe Lake, the deepest lake in the state, reaches depths at nearly 120 feet (37 m), while Lake Wawasee is the largest natural lake in Indiana.^[60]

Climate

Autumn in West Point (2010).

A barn after a winter snow in Clinton County (2010).

Indiana has a humid continental climate, with cold winters and warm, wet summers.^[61] The extreme southern portion of the state is within the humid subtropical climate area and receives more precipitation than other parts of Indiana.^[46] Temperatures generally diverge from the north and south sections of the state. In the middle of the winter, average high/low temperatures range from around 30 °F/15 °F (−1 °C/-10 °C) in the far north to 39 °F/22 °F (4 °C/-6 °C) in the far south.^[62]

In the middle of summer there is generally a little less variation across the state, as average high/low temperatures range from around 84 °F/64 °F (29 °C/18 °C) in the far north to 90 °F/69 °F (32 °C/21 °C) in the far south.^[62] The record high temperature for the state was 116 °F (47 °C) set on July 14, 1936 at Collegeville. The record low was −36 °F (−38 °C) on January 19, 1994 at New Whiteland. The growing season typically spans from 155 days in the north to 185 days in the south.^{[citation needed]}

While droughts occasionally occur in the state, rainfall totals are distributed relatively equally throughout the year. Precipitation totals range from 35 inches (89 cm) near Lake Michigan in northwest Indiana to 45 inches (110 cm) along the Ohio River in the south, while the state's average is 40 inches (100 cm). Annual snowfall in Indiana varies widely across the state, ranging from 80 inches (200 cm) in the northwest along Lake Michigan to 14 inches (36 cm) in the far south. Lake effect snow accounts for roughly half of the snowfall in northwest and north central Indiana due to the effects of the moisture and relative warmth of Lake Michigan upwind. The mean wind speed is 8 miles per hour (13 km/h).^[63]

In a 2012 report, Indiana was ranked eighth in a list of the top 20 tornado-prone states based on National Weather Service data from 1950 through 2011.^[64] A 2011 report ranked South Bend 15th among the top 20 tornado-prone cities in the United States,^[65] while another report from 2011 ranked Indianapolis eighth.^[66]^[67]^[68] Despite its vulnerability, Indiana is not a part of tornado alley.^[69]

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Annum
Average Precipitation in Indiana^[70]
2.48	2.27	3.36	3.89	4.46	4.19	4.22	3.91	3.12	3.02	3.44	3.13	41.49

Time zones

Map of U.S. time zones with new (2006) CST and EST areas displayed, showing Indiana largely in EST.

Main article: Time in Indiana

Indiana is one of thirteen U.S. states that is divided into more than one time zone. Indiana's time zones have fluctuated over the past century. At present most of the state observes Eastern Time; six counties near Chicago and six near Evansville observe Central Time. Debate continues on the matter.

Before 2006, most of Indiana did not observe daylight saving time (DST). Some counties within this area, particularly Floyd, Clark, and Harrison counties near Louisville, Kentucky, and Ohio and Dearborn counties near Cincinnati, Ohio, unofficially observed DST by local custom. Since April 2006 the entire state observes DST.

Indiana counties and statistical areas

Indiana is divided into 92 counties. As of 2010, the state includes 16 metropolitan and 25 micropolitan statistical areas, 117 incorporated cities, 450 towns, and several other smaller divisions and statistical areas.^[71]^[72] Marion County and Indianapolis have a consolidated city-county government.^[71]

Largest cities

Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana and its largest city.^[71]^[73] Indiana's four largest metropolitan areas are Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, Evansville, and South Bend.^[74] The table below lists the ten largest municipalities in the state based on the 2012 United States Census Estimate.^[75]

v t e Largest cities or towns of Indiana http://factfinder2.census.gov/main.html Factfinder2.census.gov
	Rank		County	Pop.
Indianapolis Fort Wayne	1	Indianapolis	Marion	834,852	Evansville South Bend
	2	Fort Wayne	Allen	254,555
	3	Evansville	Vanderburgh	120,235
	4	South Bend	St. Joseph	100,800
	5	Bloomington	Monroe	83,565
	6	Fishers	Hamilton	81,833
	7	Carmel	Hamilton	81,564
	8	Hammond	Lake	79,686
	9	Gary	Lake	79,170
	10	Muncie	Delaware	70,087

Demographics

Population

Indiana population density map.

Age and gender distribution in Indiana.

Historical population
Census	Pop.	%±
1800	2,632	—
1810	24,520	831.6%
1820	147,178	500.2%
1830	343,031	133.1%
1840	685,866	99.9%
1850	988,416	44.1%
1860	1,350,428	36.6%
1870	1,680,637	24.5%
1880	1,978,301	17.7%
1890	2,192,404	10.8%
1900	2,516,462	14.8%
1910	2,700,876	7.3%
1920	2,930,390	8.5%
1930	3,238,503	10.5%
1940	3,427,796	5.8%
1950	3,934,224	14.8%
1960	4,662,498	18.5%
1970	5,193,669	11.4%
1980	5,490,224	5.7%
1990	5,544,159	1.0%
2000	6,080,485	9.7%
2010	6,483,802	6.6%
Est. 2013	6,570,902	1.3%
Source: 1910–2010^[76] 2013 Estimate^[77]

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Indiana was 6,570,902 on July 1, 2013, a 1.3% increase since the 2010 United States Census.^[2]

The state's population density was 181.0 persons per square mile, the 16th highest in the United States.^[71] As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Indiana's population center is located northwest of Sheridan, in Hamilton County (+40.149246, -086.259514).^[71]^[78]^[79]

In 2005, 77.7% of Indiana residents lived in metropolitan counties, 16.5% lived in micropolitan counties and 5.9% lived in non-core counties.^[80]

Racial and ethnic diversity

The racial makeup of the state (based on the 2011 population estimate) was:

86.8% White American (81.3% non-Hispanic white, 5.5% White Hispanic)
9.4% African American
1.7% Asian
1.7% biracial or multi-racial
0.4% Native American
0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders.^[81]

Hispanic or Latino of any race made up 6.2% of the population.^[81] The Hispanic population is Indiana’s fastest growing ethnic minority.^[82] 28.2% of Indiana's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups(note: children born to white hispanics are counted as minority group).^[83]

**Indiana Racial Breakdown of Population**
[hide]Racial composition	1990^[84]	2000^[85]	2010^[86]
White	90.6%	87.5%	84.3%
Black	7.8%	8.4%	9.1%
Asian	0.7%	1.0%	1.6%
Native	0.2%	0.3%	0.3%
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander	-	-	-
Other race	0.7%	1.6%	2.7%
Two or more races	-	1.2%	2.0%

Age and gender

Based on population estimates for 2011, 6.6% of the state's population is under the age of five, 24.5% is under the age of 18, and 13.2% is 65 years of age or older.^[81] From the 2010 U.S. Census demographic data for Indiana, the median age is 37.0 years.^[87]

Ancestry

German is the largest ancestry reported in Indiana, with 22.7% of the population reporting that ancestry in the Census. Persons citing American (12.0%) and English ancestry (8.9%) are also numerous, as are Irish (10.8%) and Polish (3.0%).^[88] Most of those citing American ancestry are actually of English descent, but have family that has been in North America for so long, in many cases since the early colonial era, that they identify simply as American.^[89]^[90]^[91]^[92] In the 1980 census 1,776,144 people claimed German ancestry, 1,356,135 claimed English ancestry and 1,017,944 claimed Irish ancestry out of a total population of 4,241,975 making the state 42% German, 32% English and 24% Irish.^[93]

Population growth and decline

Population growth since 1990 has been concentrated in the counties surrounding Indianapolis, with four of the top five fastest-growing counties in that area: Hamilton, Hendricks, Johnson, and Hancock. The other county is Dearborn County, which is near Cincinnati, Ohio. Hamilton County has also been the fastest growing county in the area consisting of Indiana and its bordering states of Illinois, Michigan, Ohio and Kentucky, and is the 20th fastest growing county in the country.^[94]

Cities and towns

Main articles: List of cities in Indiana and List of towns in Indiana

Indianapolis is the state capital and largest city in Indiana.

With a population of 829,817, Indianapolis is by far the largest city in Indiana and 12th largest in the United States, according to the 2010 Census. Three other cities in Indiana have a population greater than 100,000: Fort Wayne (253,617), Evansville (117,429) and South Bend (101,168).^{[citation needed]} Since 2000, Fishers has seen the largest population rise amongst the state’s 20 largest cities with an increase of 100 percent.^[95]

Hammond and Gary have seen the largest population declines regarding the top 20 largest cities since 2000, with a decrease of 6.8 and 21.0 percent respectively.^[95] Other cities that have seen extensive growth since 2000 are Noblesville (39.4 percent), Greenwood (81 percent), Carmel (21.4 percent) and Lawrence (9.3 percent). Meanwhile, Evansville (−4.2 percent), Anderson (−4 percent) and Muncie (−3.9 percent) are cities that have seen the steepest decline in population in the state.^[96]

Indianapolis has largest population of the state's metropolitan areas and 33rd largest in the country.^[97] The Indianapolis metropolitan area encompasses Marion County and nine surrounding counties in central Indiana.

Median household income in Indiana

As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Indiana’s median household income was $44,616, ranking it 36th among the United States and the District of Columbia.^[98] In 2005, the median household income for Indiana residents was $43,993. Nearly 498,700 Indiana households had incomes from $50,000 to $74,999, accounting for 20% of all households.^[99]

Hamilton County’s median household income is nearly $35,000 higher than the Indiana average. At $78,932, it ranks seventh in the country among counties with less than 250,000 people. The next highest median incomes in Indiana are also found in the Indianapolis suburbs; Hendricks County has a median of $57,538, followed by Johnson County at $56,251.^[99]

Religion

Although the largest single religious denomination in the state is Catholic (747,706 members), most of the population are members of various Protestant denominations. The largest Protestant denomination by number of adherents in 2010 was the United Methodist Church with 355,043.^[100] A study by the Graduate Center found that 20 percent are Roman Catholic, 14 percent belong to different Baptist churches, 10 percent are other Christians, nine percent are Methodist, and six percent are Lutheran. The study found that 16% of Indiana is affiliated with no religion.^[101]

Indiana is home to the St. Meinrad Archabbey, one of two archabbeys in the United States and one of 11 in the world. The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod has one of its two seminaries in Fort Wayne. Two conservative denominations, the Free Methodist Church and the Wesleyan Church, have their headquarters in Indianapolis as does the Christian Church.^[102]^[103]

The Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches maintains offices and publishing work in Winona Lake.^[104] Huntington serves as the home to the Church of the United Brethren in Christ.^[105] Anderson is home to the headquarters of the Church of God.^[106] The headquarters of the Missionary Church is located in Fort Wayne.^[107]

The Friends United Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends, the largest branch of American Quakerism, is based in Richmond,^[108] which also houses the oldest Quaker seminary in the United States, the Earlham School of Religion.^[109] The Islamic Society of North America is headquartered in Plainfield.^[110] Indiana has 100,000 Muslims and 17,000 Jews.^{[citation needed]}

Law and government

Main article: Government of Indiana

The 50th and incumbent Governor of Indiana, Mike Pence.

The Indiana State House in Indianapolis has been the seat of state government since 1888.

The Governor of Indiana serves as the chief executive of the state and has the authority to manage the government as established in the Constitution of Indiana. The governor and the lieutenant governor are jointly elected to four-year terms, with gubernatorial elections running concurrent with United States presidential elections (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, etc.).^[111] The governor may not serve more than two consecutive terms. The governor works with the Indiana General Assembly and the Supreme Court of Indiana to govern the state and has the authority to adjust the other branches. Special sessions of the General Assembly can be called upon by the governor as well as have the power to select and remove leaders of nearly all state departments, boards and commissions. Other notable powers include calling out the Indiana Guard Reserve or the Indiana National Guard in times of emergency or disaster, issuing pardons or commuting the sentence of any criminal offenders except in cases of treason or impeachment and possessing an abundant amount of statutory authority.^[111]^[112]^[113] The lieutenant governor serves as the President of the Senate and is responsible for ensuring that the senate rules are acted in accordance with by its constituents. The lieutenant governor can only vote to break ties. If the governor dies in office, becomes permanently incapacitated, resigns or is impeached, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. If both the governor and lieutenant governor positions are unoccupied, the Senate President pro tempore becomes governor.^[114]

The Indiana General Assembly is composed of a 50-member Senate and 100-member House of Representatives. The Senate is the upper house of the General Assembly and the House of Representatives is the lower house.^[111] The General Assembly has exclusive legislative authority within the state government. Both the Senate and House of Representatives can introduce legislation, with the exception that the Senate is not authorized to initiate legislation that will affect revenue. Bills are debated and passed separately in each house, but must be passed by both houses before they can be submitted to the Governor.^[115] The legislature can nullify a veto from the governor with a majority vote of full membership in the Senate and House of Representatives.^[111] Each law passed by the General Assembly must be used without exception to the entire state. The General Assembly has no authority to create legislation that targets only a particular community.^[115]^[116] The General Assembly can manage the state's judiciary system by arranging the size of the courts and the bounds of their districts. It also can oversee the activities of the executive branch of the state government, has restricted power to regulate the county governments within the state, and has exclusive power to initiate the method to alter the Indiana Constitution.^[115]^[117]

The Indiana Supreme Court is made up of five judges with a Court of Appeals composed of 15 judges. The governor selects judges for the supreme and appeal courts from a group of applicants chosen by a special commission. After serving for two years, the judges must acquire the support of the electorate to serve for a 10-year term.^[111] In nearly all cases, the Supreme Court does not have original jurisdiction and can only hear cases that are petitioned to the court following being heard in lower courts. Local circuit courts are where the majority of cases begin with a trial and the consequence decided by the jury. The Supreme Court does have original and sole jurisdiction in certain specific areas including the practice of law, discipline or disbarment of Judges appointed to the lower state courts, and supervision over the exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the State.^[118]^[119]

The state is divided into 92 counties, which are led by a board of county commissioners. 90 counties in Indiana have their own circuit court with a judge elected for a six-year term. The remaining two counties, Dearborn and Ohio, are combined into one circuit. Many counties operate superior courts in addition to the circuit court. In densely populated counties where the caseload is traditionally greater, separate courts have been established to solely hear either juvenile, criminal, probate or small claims cases. The establishment, frequency and jurisdiction of these additional courts varies greatly from county to county. There are 85 city and town courts in Indiana municipalities, created by local ordinance, typically handling minor offenses and not considered courts of record. County officials that are elected to four-year terms include an auditor, recorder, treasurer, sheriff, coroner and clerk of the circuit court. All incorporated cities in Indiana have a mayor and council form of municipal government. Towns are governed by a town council and townships are governed by a township trustee and advisory board.^[111]^[120]

Politics

Main article: Politics of Indiana

From 1880 to 1924, a resident of Indiana was included in all but one presidential election. Indiana Representative William Hayden English was nominated for Vice-President and ran with Winfield Scott Hancock in the 1880 election.^[121] In 1884, former Indiana Governor Thomas A. Hendricks was elected Vice-President of the United States. He served until his death on November 25, 1885, under President Grover Cleveland.^[122] In 1888, Indiana Senator Benjamin Harrison was elected President of the United States and served one term. He remains the only U.S. President from Indiana. Indiana Senator Charles W. Fairbanks was elected Vice-President in 1904, serving under President Theodore Roosevelt until 1909.^[123] Fairbanks made another run for Vice-President with Charles Evans Hughes in 1912, but they both lost to Woodrow Wilson and Indiana Governor Thomas R. Marshall, who served as Vice-President from 1913 until 1921.^[124] Not until 1988 did another presidential election involved a native of Indiana, when Senator Dan Quayle was elected Vice-President and served one term with George H. W. Bush.^[46]

Indiana has long been considered to be a Republican stronghold,^[125]^[126] particularly in Presidential races, but the Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI) now rates Indiana as only R+5, a smaller Republican edge than is assigned to 20 of the 28 "red" states. Indiana was one of only ten states to support Republican Wendell Willkie in 1940.^[46] On 14 occasions has the Republican candidate defeated the Democrat by a double digit margin in the state, including six times where a Republican won the state by more than 20%.^[127] In 2000 and 2004, George W. Bush won the state by a wide margin while the election was much closer overall. The state has only supported a Democrat for president five times since 1900. In 1912, Woodrow Wilson became the first Democrat to win the state with 43% of the vote. 20 years later, Franklin D. Roosevelt won the state with 55% of the vote over incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt won the state again in 1936. In 1964, 56% of voters supported Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson over Republican Barry Goldwater. 44 years later, Democrat Barack Obama narrowly won the state against John McCain 50% to 49%.^[128] In the following election Republican Mitt Romney won back the state for the Republican party with 54% of the vote over incumbent Obama who won 43%.^[129]

While only five Democratic presidential nominees have carried Indiana since 1900, 11 Democrats were elected governor during that time. Before Mitch Daniels became governor in 2005, Democrats had held the office for 16 consecutive years. Indiana elects two senators and nine representatives to Congress. The state has 11 electoral votes in presidential elections.^[127] Seven of the districts favor the Republican Party according to the CPVI rankings; there are currently seven Republicans serving as representatives and two Democrats. Historically, Republicans have been strongest in the eastern and central portions of the state, while Democrats have been strongest in the northwestern part of the state. Occasionally, certain counties in the southern part of the state will vote Democratic. Marion County, Indiana's most populous county, supported the Republican candidates from 1968 to 2000, before backing the Democrats in the 2004 2008 and 2012 elections. Indiana's second most populous county, Lake County, strongly supports the Democratic party and has not voted for a Republican since 1972.^[127] In 2005, the Bay Area Center for Voting Research rated the most liberal and conservative cities in the United States on voting statistics in the 2004 presidential election, based on 237 cities with populations of more than 100,000. Five Indiana cities were mentioned in the study. On the liberal side, Gary was ranked second and South Bend came in at 83. Among conservative cities, Fort Wayne was 44th, Evansville was 60th and Indianapolis was 82nd on the list.^[130]

Military installations

Indiana is home to several current and former military installations. The largest of these is the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, located approximately 25 miles southwest of Bloomington, which is the third largest naval installation in the world, comprising approximately 108 square miles of territory.

Other active installations include Air National Guard fighter units at Fort Wayne, and Terre Haute airports (to be consolidated at Fort Wayne under the 2005 BRAC proposal, with the Terre Haute facility remaining open as a non-flying installation). The Army National Guard conducts operations at Camp Atterbury in Edinburgh, Indiana, helicopter operations out of Shelbyville Airport and urban training at Muscatatuck Urban Training Center. The Army's Newport Chemical Depot, which is now closed and turning into a coal purifier plant. Also, Naval Operational Support Center Indianapolis is home to several Navy Reserve units, two Marine Reserve units, and a small contingent of active and full-time-support reserve personnel.

Indiana used to be home to two major military installations, Grissom Air Force Base near Peru (realigned to an Air Force Reserve installation in 1994) and Fort Benjamin Harrison near Indianapolis, now closed, though the Department of Defense continues to operate a large finance center there (Defense Finance and Accounting Service).

Economy

Main article: Economy of Indiana

Top publicly traded companies in Indiana for 2014 according to revenues with State and U.S. rankings
State	Corporation	US
1	WellPoint	38
2	Eli Lilly and Company	129
3	Cummins, Inc.	168
4	Steel Dynamics	355
5	NiSource	448
6	Calumet Lubricants	467
7	Simon Property Group	479
8	Berry Plastics	528
9	Zimmer Holdings	531
10	CNO Financial Group	548
11	Thor Industries	636
12	LVB Acquisition	719
13	Republic Airways Holdings	819
14	Vectren	842
15	hhgregg	845
16	Springleaf Financial	886
17	KAR Auction Services	918
18	Allison Transmission	996
Source: Fortune^[131]

In 2000, Indiana had a work force of 3,084,100.^[132] The total gross state product in 2010 was $275.7 billion.^[133] A high percentage of Indiana's income is from manufacturing.^[134] The Calumet region of northwest Indiana is the largest steel producing area in the U.S. Indiana's other manufactures include pharmaceuticals and medical devices, automobiles, electrical equipment, transportation equipment, chemical products, rubber, petroleum and coal products, and factory machinery.

Despite its reliance on manufacturing, Indiana has been much less affected by declines in traditional Rust Belt manufactures than many of its neighbors. The explanation appears to be certain factors in the labor market. First, much of the heavy manufacturing, such as industrial machinery and steel, requires highly skilled labor, and firms are often willing to locate where hard-to-train skills already exist. Second, Indiana's labor force is located primarily in medium-sized and smaller cities rather than in very large and expensive metropolises. This makes it possible for firms to offer somewhat lower wages for these skills than would normally be paid. Firms often see in Indiana a chance to obtain higher than average skills at lower than average wages.^[135]

Indiana is home to the international headquarters and research facilities of pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly in Indianapolis, the state's largest corporation, as well as the world headquarters of Mead Johnson Nutritionals in Evansville.^[136] Overall, Indiana ranks fifth among all U.S. states in total sales and shipments of pharmaceutical products and second highest in the number of biopharmaceutical related jobs.^[137]

Harvesting on a farm in Stewart, Indiana.

Indiana is located within the U.S. Corn Belt and Grain Belt. The state has a feedlot-style system raising corn to fatten hogs and cattle. Along with corn, soybeans are also a major cash crop. Its proximity to large urban centers, such as Indianapolis and Chicago, assure that dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur. Other crops include melons, tomatoes, grapes, mint, popping corn, and tobacco in the southern counties.^[138] Most of the original land was not prairie and had to be cleared of deciduous trees. Many parcels of woodland remain and support a furniture-making sector in the southern portion of the state.

In 2011 Indiana was ranked first in the Midwest and sixth in the country for best places to do business according to CEO magazine.^[139]

State budget

Energy

Further information: List of Generating Stations in Indiana

A windfarm generates electricity in Benton County.

Indiana's power production chiefly consists of the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly coal. Indiana has 24 coal power plants, including the largest coal power plant in the United States, Gibson Generating Station, located across the Wabash River from Mount Carmel, Illinois. Indiana is also home to the coal-fired plant with the highest sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States, the Gallagher power plant just west of New Albany.^[143]

The state has an estimated coal reserves of fifty-seven billion tons; state mining operations produces thirty-five million tons of coal annually.^[144] While Indiana has made commitments to increasing use of renewable resources such as wind, hydroelectric, biomass, or solar power, however, progress has been very slow, mainly because of the continued abundance of coal in Southern Indiana. Most of the new plants in the state have been coal gasification plants. Another source is hydroelectric power.

Wind power is now being developed. New estimates in 2006 raised the wind capacity for Indiana from 30 MW at 50 m turbine height to 40,000 MW at 70 m, and to 130,000 MW at 100 m, in 2010, the height of newer turbines.^[145] As of the end of 2011, Indiana has installed 1,340 MW of wind turbines.^[146]

Sources of energy (2009)

See table below for individual facilities.

Fuel	Capacity	Percent of total consumed	Percent of total production	Number of plants/units
Coal	22,190.5 MW	63%	88.5%	28 plants
Natural gas	2,100 MW	29%	10.5%	15 facilities *Often used in peaking stations
Wind (Currently the fastest growing form of energy in Indiana)	530.5 MW 1,836.5 MW when all current wind farms are complete	?	?	4 farms appx 1,000–1,100 towers total
Coal gasification	600 MW	?	?	1 facility under construction
Petroleum	575 MW	7.5%	1.5%	10 units
Hydroelectric	64 MW	0.0450%	0.0100%	1 plant
Biomass	28 MW	0.0150%	0.0020%	1 facility
Wood and Waste	18 MW	0.0013%	0.0015%	3 units
Geothermal and/or Solar	0 MW	0.0%	0.0	No facilities at this time
Nuclear	0 MW	0.0%	0.0	No facilities at this time
Total	22,797.5 MW * only includes top number of wind	100%	100%	46 generating facilities

[show] v t e Power stations in Indiana

Transportation

Airports

Highways

US Route 52 in Lafayette (2006).

The major U.S. Interstate highways in Indiana are Interstate 64 (I-64), I-65, I-265, I-465, I-865, I-69, I-469, I-70, I-74, I-80, I-90, I-94, and I-275. The various highways intersecting in and around Indianapolis, along with its historical status as a major railroad hub, and the canals that once crossed Indiana, are the source of the state's motto, the Crossroads of America. There are also many state highways maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation. These are numbered according to the same convention as U.S. Highways. Indiana allows highways of different classifications to have the same number. For example, I-64 and Indiana State Road 64 both exist (rather close to each other) in Indiana, but are two distinct roads with no relation to one another.

County roads

Most Indiana counties use a grid-based system to identify county roads; this system replaced the older arbitrary system of road numbers and names, and (among other things) makes it much easier to identify the sources of calls placed to the 9-1-1 system. Such systems are easier to implement in the glacially flattened northern and central portions of the state. Rural counties in the southern third of the state are less likely to have grids and more likely to rely on unsystematic road names (e.g., Crawford, Harrison, Perry, Scott, and Washington Counties).

There are also counties in the northern portions of the state that have never implemented a grid, or have only partially implemented one. Some counties are also laid out in an almost diamond-like grid system (e.g. Clark, Floyd, Gibson, and Knox Counties). Such a system is also almost useless in those situations as well. Knox County once operated two different grid systems for county roads because the county was laid out using two different survey grids, but has since decided to use road names and combine roads instead.

Notably, the county road grid system of St. Joseph County, whose major city is South Bend, uses perennial (tree) names (i.e. Ash, Hickory, Ironwood, etc.) in alphabetical order for North-South roads and Presidential and other noteworthy names (i.e. Adams, Edison, Lincoln Way, etc.) in alphabetical order for East-West roads. There are exceptions to this rule in downtown South Bend and Mishawaka. Hamilton county just continues the numbered street system from Downtown Indianapolis from 96th Street at the Marion County line to 296th street at the Tipton County line.

Rail

A South Shore commuter train in Michigan City.

Indiana has over 4,255 railroad route miles, of which 91 percent are operated by Class I railroads, principally CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway. Other Class I railroads in Indiana include the Canadian National Railway and Soo Line Railroad, a Canadian Pacific Railway subsidiary, as well as Amtrak. The remaining miles are operated by 37 regional, local, and switching and terminal railroads. The South Shore Line is one of the country's most notable commuter rail systems, extending from Chicago to South Bend. Indiana is currently implementing an extensive rail plan that was prepared in 2002 by the Parsons Corporation.^[149] Many recreational trails, such as the Monon Trail and Cardinal Greenway, have been created from abandoned rails routes.

Ports

Port of Indiana–Burns Harbor on Lake Michigan.

Indiana annually ships over 70 million tons of cargo by water each year, which ranks 14th among all U.S. states. More than half of Indiana's border is water, which includes 400 miles (640 km) of direct access to two major freight transportation arteries: the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway (via Lake Michigan) and the Inland Waterway System (via the Ohio River). The Ports of Indiana manages three major ports which include Burns Harbor, Jeffersonville, and Mount Vernon.^[150]

In Evansville three public and several private port facilities receive year-round service from five major barge lines operating on the Ohio River. Evansville has been a U.S. Customs Port of Entry for more than 125 years. Because of this, it is possible to have international cargo shipped to Evansville in bond. The international cargo can then clear Customs in Evansville rather than a coastal port.

Education

The private Roman Catholic University of Notre Dame contains an endowment of $9.8 billion, the largest in Indiana.

Indiana's 1816 constitution was the first in the country to implement a state-funded public school system. It also allotted one township for a public university.^[151] However, the plan turned out to be far too idealistic for a pioneer society, as tax money was not accessible for its organization. In the 1840s, Caleb Mills pressed the need for tax-supported schools, and in 1851 his advice was included in the new state constitution.

Although the growth of the public school system was held up by legal entanglements, many public elementary schools were in use by 1870. Most children in Indiana attend public schools, but nearly 10% attend private schools and parochial schools. About one-half of all college students in Indiana are enrolled in state-supported four-year schools.

The largest educational institution is Indiana University, the flagship campus of which was endorsed as Indiana Seminary in 1820. Indiana State University was established as the state's Normal School in 1865; Purdue University was chartered as a land-grant college in 1869. The three other independent state universities are Vincennes University (Founded in 1801 by the Indiana Territory), Ball State University (1918) and University of Southern Indiana (1965 as ISU - Evansville).

Many of the private colleges and universities in Indiana are affiliated with religious groups. The University of Notre Dame and the University of Saint Francis are popular Roman Catholic schools. Universities affiliated with Protestant denominations include Anderson University, Butler University, Indiana Wesleyan University, Taylor University, Franklin College, Hanover College, DePauw University, Earlham College, Valparaiso University, University of Indianapolis,^[111] and University of Evansville.^[152]

Indiana University Bloomington is the largest campus in the state, with an enrollment of over 42,000 students.

The state's community college system, Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana, serves nearly 200,000 students annually, making it the state's largest public post-secondary educational institution and the nation's largest singly accredited statewide community college system.^[153] In 2008, the Indiana University system agreed to shift most of its associate (2-year) degrees to the Ivy Tech Community College System.^[154]

The state has several universities ranked among the best in 2013 rankings of the U.S. News & World Report. The University of Notre Dame is ranked among the top 20, with Indiana University Bloomington and Purdue University ranking in the top 100. Butler, Valparaiso, and the University of Evansville are ranked among the top ten in the Regional University Midwest Rankings. Purdue's engineering programs are ranked eighth in the country. In addition, Taylor University is ranked first in the Regional College Midwest Rankings and Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology has been considered the top Undergraduate Engineering school (where a doctorate is not offered) for 15 consecutive years.^[155]^[156]^[157]^[158]

Sports

Main article: Sport in Indiana

Professional teams

Bankers Life Fieldhouse during an Indiana Pacers basketball game.

As of 2013 Indiana has produced more National Basketball Association (NBA) players per capita than any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten.^[159] It has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. The Indiana Pacers of the NBA play their home games at Bankers Life Fieldhouse; they began play in 1967 in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and joined the NBA when the leagues merged in 1976. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote "Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport." The 1986 film Hoosiers is inspired by the story of the 1954 Indiana state champions Milan High School. Professional basketball player Larry Bird was born in West Baden Springs and was raised in French Lick. He went on to lead the Boston Celtics to the NBA championship in 1981, 1984, and 1986.^[160]

Indianapolis is home to the Indianapolis Colts. The Colts are members of the South Division of the American Football Conference. The Colts have roots back to 1913 as the Dayton Triangles. They became an official team after moving to Baltimore, MD, in 1953. In 1984, the Colts relocated to Indianapolis, leading to an eventual rivalry with the Baltimore Ravens. After calling the RCA Dome home for 25 years, the Colts currently play their home games at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis. While in Baltimore, the Colts won the 1970 Super Bowl. In Indianapolis, the Colts won Super Bowl XLI, bringing the franchise total to two. In recent years the Colts have regularly competed in the NFL playoffs.

Auto racing

Play media

The 2008 Indianapolis 500, the 92nd running of the race.

Indiana has an extensive history with auto racing. Indianapolis hosts the Indianapolis 500 mile race over Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway every May. The name of the race is usually shortened to "Indy 500" and also goes by the nickname "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing." The race attracts over 250,000 people every year making it the largest single day sporting event in the world. The track also hosts the Allstate 400 at the Brickyard (NASCAR) and the Red Bull Indianapolis Grand Prix (MotoGP). From 2000 to 2007, it hosted the United States Grand Prix (Formula One). Indiana features the world's largest and most prestigious drag race, the NHRA Mac Tools U.S. Nationals, held each Labor Day weekend at Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis in Clermont, Indiana. Indiana is also host to two major unlimited hydroplane racing power boat race circuits in the major H1 Unlimited league: Thunder on the Ohio (Evansville, Indiana) and the Madison Regatta (Madison, Indiana).

Teams and Venues

The following table shows the professional sports teams in Indiana. Teams in bold are in major professional leagues.

Club	Sport	League	Venue
Indianapolis Colts	American football	National Football League	Lucas Oil Stadium
Indiana Pacers	Basketball	National Basketball Association	Bankers Life Fieldhouse
Indiana Fever	Basketball	Women's National Basketball Association	Bankers Life Fieldhouse
Fort Wayne Mad Ants	Basketball	NBA Development League	Allen County War Memorial Coliseum
Indianapolis Indians	Baseball	International League (AAA)	Victory Field
FC Indiana	Soccer	Women's Premier Soccer League	Michael Carroll Stadium
Indy Eleven	Soccer	North American Soccer League	Michael Carroll Stadium

The following is a table of sports venues in Indiana that have a capacity in excess of 30,000:

Facility	Capacity	City	Tenants
Indianapolis Motor Speedway	257,325	Speedway, Indiana	Indianapolis 500
Notre Dame Stadium	80,795	South Bend, Indiana	Notre Dame Fighting Irish
Lucas Oil Stadium	63,000	Indianapolis, Indiana	Indianapolis Colts
Ross-Ade Stadium	62,500	West Lafayette, Indiana	Purdue Boilermakers
Memorial Stadium	52,929	Bloomington, Indiana	Indiana Hoosiers

National Historic Landmark Hinkle Fieldhouse, located at Butler University.

College sports

Further information: Hoosier Hysteria

Indiana has had great sports success at the collegiate level. Schools fielding NCAA Division I athletic programs include:

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A portion of the Northwest Territory's eastern section became the state of Ohio in 1803. The Michigan Territory was established in 1805 from part of the Indiana Territory's northern lands and four years later, in 1809, the Illinois counties were separated from the Indiana Territory to create the Illinois Territory. See John D. Barnhart and Dorothy L. Riker (1971). Indiana to 1816: The Colonial Period. The History of Indiana I. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society. pp. 311–13,337, 353, 355, and 432.
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Logan, Cumings, Malott, Visher, Tucker & Reeves, p. 70
Logan, William N.; Edgar Roscoe Cumings; Clyde Arnett Malott; Stephen Sargent Visher; et al. (1922). Handbook of Indiana Geology. Indiana Department of Concervation/. p. 257.
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Boyce, Brian M (August 29, 2009). "Terre Haute's Top 40: From a trickle in Ohio to the Valley’s signature waterway, the Wabash River is forever a part of Terre Haute". Tribune-Star. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
Jerse, Dorothy (March 4, 2006). "Looking Back: Gov. Bayh signs bill making Wabash the official state river in 1996". Tribune-Star. Retrieved September 7, 2009.
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Leider, Polly (January 26, 2006). "A Town With Backbone: Warsaw, Ind.". CBS News. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
Bridges, David (November 28, 2007). "Life in Indiana — Telegraph Mentor". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved July 4, 2009.^{[dead link]}
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Engineering Analysis Inc. (April 12, 2012). "Mississippi Remains #1 Among Top Twenty Tornado-Prone States". mindspring.com. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
Engineering Analysis Inc. (October 28, 2011). "Six States Contain Twelve of the Top Twenty Tornado-Prone Cities (revised version)". mindspring.com. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
Kellogg, Becky (March 8, 2011). "Tornado Expert Ranks Top Tornado Cities". The Weather Channel. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
In an earlier 2008 report, Indiana was listed as one of the most tornado-prone states in the United States, ranking sixth, while South Bend was ranked the 14th most tornado-prone city in the country, ahead of cities such as Houston, Texas, and Wichita, Kansas. See Mecklenburg, Rick (May 1, 2008). "Is Indiana the new Tornado Alley?". SouthBendTribune.com. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
In a published list of the most tornado-prone states and cities in April 2008, Indiana came in first and South Bend ranked 16th. See Henderson, Mark (May 2, 2008). "Top 20 Tornado Prone Cities and States Announced". WIFR. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
Henderson, Mark (May 2, 2008). "Top 20 Tornado Prone Cities and States Announced". WIFR. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
"Climate Facts". Indiana State Climate Office. Retrieved May 29, 2009.
"Guide to 2010 Census State and Local Geography - Indiana". U.S. Census Bureau. April 21, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
A 2008 news report indicated there were 13 metropolitan areas in Indiana. See Dresang, Joel (July 30, 2008). "Automaking down, unemployment up". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved August 14, 2009.
Indiana's territorial capitals were Vincennes and later Corydon, which also became Indiana's first state capital when it became a state.
"Indiana". Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
Factfinder2.census.gov
Resident Population Data. "Resident Population Data – 2010 Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 23, 2012.^{[dead link]}
"Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013". Retrieved January 7, 2014.
"2010 Census Centers of Population by state". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
Over the previous decade, Indiana's population center has shifted slightly to the northwest. In the 2000 U.S. Census, Indiana's center of population was located in Hamilton County, in the town of Sheridan. See "Population and Population Centers by State". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 21, 2006.
"Metro and Nonmetro Counties in Indiana". Rural Policy Research Institute. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
"Indiana QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
Greninger, Howard (May 19, 2007). "Vigo County’s population on the rise". Tribune-Star. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer.
Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States
Population of Indiana: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts
2010 Census Data
"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010; 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1) for Indiana". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
"DP-2. Profile of Selected Social Characteristics: 2000". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
Pulera, Dominic J. (2004). Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America. New York: Continuum. p. 57. ISBN 0-8264-1643-8.
Farley, Reynolds (1991). "The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?". Demography 28 (3): 411–429. doi:10.2307/2061465. PMID 1936376.
Lieberson, Stanley; Santi, Lawrence (1985). "The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns". Social Science Research 14 (1): 31–56 [pp. 44–46]. doi:10.1016/0049-089X(85)90011-0.
Lieberson, Stanley; Waters, Mary C. (1986). "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 487 (79): 79–91 [pp. 82–86]. doi:10.1177/0002716286487001004.
"Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3" (PDF). Retrieved December 10, 2011.
Rainey, Joan P (2000). "Hamilton and Other Suburban Counties Lead the State in Population Growth". Indiana University. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
Nevers, Kevin (July 11, 2008). "Duneland population growth rate slows a bit in 2007 Census estimates". Chesterton Tribune. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
"Indiana sees big gains in population among certain cities and towns" (Press release). Indiana University. July 10, 2008. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
"Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas". United States Census. Retrieved August 14, 2009.^{[dead link]}
"Overview for Indiana". Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of Business. August 1, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
Justis, Rachel M (2006). "Household Income Varies by Region and Race". Indiana University. Retrieved October 29, 2009.
"The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". www.thearda.com. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
"American Religious Identification Survey". City University of New York. Retrieved December 25, 2006.^{[dead link]}
Bodenhamer, Barrows and Vanderstel, p. 696
Bodenhamer, Barrows and Vanderstel, p. 416.
"Forever Young: Lititz pastor retires after 33 years at Grace Brethren". Lancaster New Era. June 4, 2004. Retrieved August 15, 2009. (Registration needed)
"Future of the faith, Area church weighs merger as a way to aid denomination". The News-Sentinel. September 22, 2004. Retrieved August 15, 2009. (Registration needed)
Neff, David (March 27, 2006). "Holiness Without the Legalism". Christianity Today. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
"Volunteers add to church, They construct buildings for the Missionary Church.". The News-Sentinel. October 6, 2003. Retrieved August 15, 2009. (Registration needed)
"Quakers of Richmond and Wayne County, Indiana". Earlham College. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
Wilson, Amy Lyles. "The Guts to Keep Going". National Public Radio. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
Associated Press (February 2, 2009). "Are American Muslims 'under more scrutiny' with Obama?". USA Today. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
"Indiana Facts". State of Indiana. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2007), p. 10.
"Indiana Constitution Article 5". Indiana University. February 25, 1999. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2007), p. 13.
"Indiana Constitution Article 4". Indiana University. February 25, 1999. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2005), p. 11
Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2005), p. 14.
"Indiana Constitution Article 7". Indiana University. February 25, 1999. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
"Appellate Process". State of Indiana. February 4, 2009. Retrieved August 3, 2009.^{[dead link]}
"Indiana Trial Courts: Types of Courts". State of Indiana. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
Gray 1977, p. 23.
Gray 1977, p. 82.
Gray 1977, p. 118.
Gray 1977, p. 162.
"Indiana poll shows tight race with McCain, Obama". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. October 1, 2008. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
Purnick, Joyce (October 21, 2006). "The 2006 Campaign: Struggle for the House; In a G.O.P. Stronghold, 3 Districts in Indiana Are Now Battlegrounds". The New York Times. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
"Presidential General Election Map Comparison". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
McPhee, Laura (November 12, 2008). "Indiana's historic vote for Obama". NUVO. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
"Election Results: Indiana General Election, November 6, 2012". State of Indiana. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
Modie, Neil (August 12, 2005). "Where have Seattle's lefties gone?". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
Fortune 500 companies - Indiana.Fortune 500. Retrieved on October 15, 2014.
"Economic Base". City of Valparaiso. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
"GDP by State". Greyhill Advisors. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
"Indiana Economy at a Glance". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
"Manufacturers in Indiana". Purdue University Center for Rural Development. July 19, 1998.
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"Economy & Demographics". Terre Haute Economic Development Co. Retrieved January 30, 2007.
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Bibliography

Bodenhamer, David J.; Robert Graham Barrows & David Gordon Vanderstel (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31222-1.
Brill, Marlene Targ (2005). Indiana. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0-7614-2020-7.
Carmony, Donald F. (1998). Indiana, 1816 to 1850: The Pioneer Era. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. ISBN 0-87195-124-X.
Funk, Arville L (1967). Hoosiers In The Civil War. Adams Press. ISBN 0-9623292-5-8.
Gray, Ralph D (1977). Gentlemen from Indiana: National Party Candidates,1836–1940. Indiana Historical Bureau. ISBN 1-885323-29-8.
Gray, Ralph D (1995). Indiana History: A Book of Readings. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32629-X.
Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2005). Here is Your Indiana Government.
Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2007). Here is Your Indiana Government.
Indiana Writer's Project (1973) [1937]. Indiana: A Guide To The Hoosier State. American Guide Series.
Jackson, Marion T., ed. (1997). The Natural Heritage of Indiana. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33074-2.
Logan, William Newton; Edgar Roscoe Cumings, Clyde Arnett Malott, Stephen Sargent Visher, William Motier Tucker & John Robert Reeves (1922). Handbook of Indiana Geology. William B. Burford.
Madison, James H. (1990). The Indiana Way: A State History. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press and Indiana Historical Society. ISBN 0-253-20609-X.
Moore, Edward E (1910). A Century of Indiana. American Book Company.
Pell, Ed (2003). Indiana. Capstone Press. ISBN 0-7368-1582-1.
Skertic, Mark; John J. Watkins (2003). A Native's Guide to Northwest Indiana.
Taylor, Robert M., ed. (1990). Indiana: A New Historical Guide. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. ISBN 0-87195-048-0.
Taylor, Robert M., ed. (2001). The State of Indiana History 2000: Papers Presented at the Indiana Historical Society's Grand Opening. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society.

External links

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Preceded by Louisiana	List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on December 11, 1816 (19th)	Succeeded by Mississippi

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Regions	Central Indiana East Central Indiana Illinois-Indiana-Kentucky Tri-State Area Indiana-Kentucky-Ohio Tri-State Area Michiana Northern Indiana Northwest Indiana Southern Indiana Southwestern Indiana Wabash Valley

Largest cities	Indianapolis Fort Wayne Evansville South Bend Carmel Bloomington Hammond Gary Muncie Lafayette Terre Haute Kokomo Anderson Noblesville Elkhart Greenwood Mishawaka Lawrence Jeffersonville Columbus Richmond New Albany Portage Michigan City Valparaiso Goshen Westfield East Chicago Marion West Lafayette Hobart Crown Point Franklin La Porte Seymour Logansport New Castle Connersville Vincennes Bedford Jasper Washington Princeton

Largest towns	Fishers Merrillville Schererville Clarksville Plainfield Highland Munster

Counties	Adams Allen Bartholomew Benton Blackford Boone Brown Carroll Cass Clark Clay Clinton Crawford Daviess Dearborn Decatur DeKalb Delaware Dubois Elkhart Fayette Floyd Fountain Franklin Fulton Gibson Grant Greene Hamilton Hancock Harrison Hendricks Henry Howard Huntington Jackson Jasper Jay Jefferson Jennings Johnson Knox Kosciusko LaGrange Lake LaPorte Lawrence Madison Marion Marshall Martin Miami Monroe Montgomery Morgan Newton Noble Ohio Orange Owen Parke Perry Pike Porter Posey Pulaski Putnam Randolph Ripley Rush Saint Joseph Scott Shelby Spencer Starke Steuben Sullivan Switzerland Tippecanoe Tipton Union Vanderburgh Vermillion Vigo Wabash Warren Warrick Washington Wayne Wells White Whitley

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Highlighting the best independent publications in fiction and non-fiction. Your new favorite author is right here. Discover Action Autobiographies Chick Lit Children’s Fiction Comedy / Humor Comics & Graphic Novels Coming-Of-Age Commercial Fiction Crime Drama Erotica Essays Fantasy Health and Wellness Historical Fiction Horror Inspirational Leadership Literary Fiction Memoirs Middle Grade Mystery New Adult Non-Fiction Paranormal Paranormal Romance Poetry Politics Post-Apocalyptic Religion Romance Science-Fiction Self-Help / Self-Development Short Stories Space Opera Spirituality Sport Steampunk Supernatural Suspense Thriller Travel Young Adult Authors Featured 5 Blog Interviews Reviews New Releases FREE Funding The Team Join Us FAQs Giveaways Testimonials Author Resources Advice Audio Cover Design Crowdfunding Ebook Club Editing Formatting Illustrations Licensing Online Marketing Proofreading Publishing Resources Blog Join ResourcesGuest Post: How exactly does an author write? by V.E. BystryPosted Aug 11 2014 by Paul in Guest Post with 6 Comments If you are reading this, chances are you consider yourself one of three different kinds of people. One, a writer. Two, an aspiring writer. Or three, someone who enjoys learning about the writing process, perhaps you are interested in how your favorite author goes about their work.For one, how exactly does an author write? Do they just wake up, slam a cup of coffee and start pounding away on the keyboard or commence scribbling in their notebook? I don’t know about all of you, but that doesn’t describe me at all. Coffee isn’t exactly the most tasty beverage in the world in my opinion, but to each his own.Writing is a myriad of different things combined into one. First, you must be able to lose yourself in the flow of the words. If you’re thinking too hard about what you are going to type or jot down next, you most likely need to take break. Does this mean that you can’t brainstorm and plot out a basic outline for your novel? Of course not, and it doesn’t really matter anyway, at least in my experience. I do write down an extremely watered down version of the book, listing the chapters and describing the major events that should take place at that time. Notice I said should. More often than not, the characters take off on their own, saying what they want to say, and acting the way they want to as well. The outline that I took so much pleasure in forming gets thrown out the window. New plot developments that I hadn’t planned for start to take shape, enriching the story. I love it when this happens, and if this happens to you, embrace it. You may ask yourself “What the hell is going on here? Why is my protagonist doing this?” Trust me, let it go and follow your character down the path that they have chosen. You will be thankful for it later on.When is the best time to write? The two most popular times of day from the many authors I have talked to, has been either early morning or in the evening. I suppose it depends on your particular lifestyle. For me, the evening works better. This is because I have two children, age three and under, who love to be loud and crazy and play all day. Entertaining them and teaching them the alphabet and how to count while writing a novel isn’t exactly the best advice I would give. That is definitely too much to handle all at once. So, after I get them all tired out, dress them in their PJs, and tuck them into bed, it’s mommy and daddy time. For me, this is the perfect time to write, and I try to do some every night. The wife will probably want to spend some precious alone time together, which will lead me to my next point.Do you have someone that supports you wholeheartedly in your endeavor to follow your dreams and become an author? If you have a significant other, this is crucial to your experience. They must be there to provide the critique, give and honest opinion about your work. That is also a key factor. Be sure that they understand that you don’t want them to just tell you that your work is absolutely breathtaking. They need to be honest, and in order to help them with that, ask them questions. Was the way this character acted seem real to you? Would an event like this happening really have this kind of effect on the people it touched? Keep them involved in your projects, though at a nice, regular interval. Either wait until the work is complete, or ask them to look it over every 10,000 words or so. Don’t finish a page and say “Hey, honey! I just finished something else for you to read!” they will become irritated and will most likely not give you an honest opinion, or eventually, not even read it at all.A phrase I often heard growing up was “Write what you know.” To that, I say nay nay. If that could even be possible, how can all these amazing writers publish fantasy, horror, science fiction, or supernatural works? I’m pretty sure Stephen King has never traveled to other dimensions, J. K. Rowling has probably never killed someone by shouting “Avada Kedavra!” while pointing a wand, and Michael Chrichton has never assembled a real, live dinosaur. The phrase itself has a slight truth to it, however, in that you should write what you know about people. Inspiration can come from anywhere, at any time. You pass countless stories and scenarios that you could implement in your work every day. That’s right, the dude you ride in the elevator with up to your floor has something to say. The woman you pass in the office everyday has a story. The colleagues chatting at the water cooler or in the break room are telling a story. All you have to do is listen. Observing the way people use their hands while they talk, how they speak, other body gestures as they interact with others, can help you invaluably in your writing. Being able to draw on these experiences will enable you to envision your story better, and write it down descriptively. Life experiences can only take you so far, unfortunately, but the next point I’m going to make shouldn’t upset too many of you. If you want to write, you have to read. Crazy idea, right? How else are you supposed to learn how to put words down on paper if you haven’t seen it done exceptionally? I’m not a betting man, but if I was, I would say a good 95% of you that read this blog post do read. It was actually what gave you the drive to become a writer yourself probably. If you already read a lot, I only have one other thing to bring up to you. Broaden your horizons with the genres you pick. I mostly read Stephen King novels throughout my high school career, but towards the end, I picked up some John Grisham, R. A. Salvatore, Brian Jacques, and J. K. Rowling. A couple years after that, I made the mistake of picking up 50 Shades of Gray, just to broaden my horizon even further. The only thing I learned from that novel was how not to write, which I guess is a plus.What kind of atmosphere does a writer require when they are going to town on their story? Again, just like the time of day thought, this depends on your preference. I’ve met people who can’t do anything unless it is absolutely silent, can’t do anything unless the television is on providing background noise, or loud music is blasting out and displacing the silence to the abyss. Find what works for you, and stick with it. Thankfully, I can write pretty much at any time unless I’m directly being talked to. I enjoy listening to music while I write, mostly metal or hard rock. It really gets me pumped up and it is a great muse for action scenes.The last question I have is, what method of writing do you prefer? Do you enjoy writing the whole thing down on paper with a pen? Or do you type it all in a word processor and call it a day? I wrote the first half of my debut novel, SPIAR, in Steno Pads. I was underway, hadn’t brought a laptop computer, and it was convenient at the time. Now, getting back home and transposing the entire thing was not something I want to experience again, and so I try to limit my long hand writing. It is great for finding errors and changing things as you go along, but that is also something you can do while typing or easily change words afterward.In closing, I would like to hear what all of you have to say. When do you like to write? Do you listen to music as you tell your tale? Are you observing the environment around you at all times, absorbing all the information you can? Are you reading as much as you should? Is there someone who has your back, pushing you to follow your dream? Please, sound off in a comment, hit me up on facebook, twitter, or shoot me an email. I’d love to hear from all of you!Easy days and blissful nights,Visit V. E. Bystry’s Showcase Author Page13Share29Share0Share0Share0Share0Share0Share0Share0Share0Share0Share0Share Tags: Guest Post, V.E. Bystry, Writing Categories: Guest Post Popular Posts A-Z guide: How both my books reached #1 on Amazon by Nicholas Rossis January 27, 2014 Guest Post: Open Fences and Jailed Dogs December 10, 2013 Smashwords Read an Ebook Week March 2, 2014Related Posts Guest Post: S.G. Night reports on an incredibly powerful marketing tool for authors August 15, 2014 Guest Post: That Joke Isn’t Funny Anymore by Duncan Milne August 14, 2014 FREE: V.E. Bystry’s SPIAR: August 11th-15th August 11, 2014 6 Comments 0 Trackback Mark E. Lein08-20-2014I tend to write in fits and starts and always come up with the best ideas when away from pen and paper. I agree about reading to expand your writing knowledge base, thanks for the post.Mark Mark Binmore08-20-2014I always carry a notebook and (apologies) like to eavesdrop on conversations – not for the gossip but to hear names and situations. Love to people watch at cafes and seeing what they wear, how they eat and drink and capture that.Paul08-20-2014Thank you for the comments, guys. It’s always great to hear feedback on the different approaches authors take when writing.john kavana.08-20-2014I like to just sit down and not think. When some words form in my head I just write them down. I don’t give any thought to the words I have writteninstead I just read them and let the words develop the story I wish to put into verse.. when I find myself having to think deeply to continue the poem, then I get up and go for a walk because I know the words won’t be the ones I need.tkanthonyauthor08-20-2014Characters vetoing the outline…yes! Almost panicked the first time it happened when writing “Forge,” but I trusted the characters and was glad I did.Cyn08-20-2014I head for my computer as soon as I rise, and often again late at night after the house is finally quiet and everyone else including the pets are asleep. I used to love music, but now I use http://mynoise.net/ to find soothing sounds that don’t distract me. But sometimes I listen to music to help me feel a particular mood, if I’m having trouble focusing.As for technique, I am a devoted “pantser,” possibly because having been a reporter (Chicago Sun Times, Arizona Daily Star), I had to write on the fly a lot. I find that my fiction writing is very much like transcribing the words and actions of my characters as they tell them to me or I “see” them, which is a wonderful gift, I admit.Everyone has to find his or her own way of writing, I believe. 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Verizon Search Stores Cart Mobile Living Home & Family Entertainment Apps Tech Smarts Network & Plans Sports & Wellness Shop Home & Family Entertainment Apps Tech Smarts Network & Plans Sports & Wellness Shop Shop Support My Verizon (Sign In)Store Locator Business BackExploreWhy Verizon More Everything Plan Single Line Plan EDGE Apps & Media FiOS BackShopDeals Phones & Devices Accessories Brands Plans & Services Home Services Mobile Living Why Verizon BackDealsBest Deals Employee Discounts Shop Deals BackPhones & DevicesSmartphones Basic Phones Tablets Home & Office Solutions Internet Devices Connected Devices All Devices BackAccessoriesAudio Batteries & Chargers Car & Travel Cases & Protection Everyday Essentials Gaming & Toys In The Home Memory Sports & Fitness Gift Cards See All BackBrandsApple HTC LG Motorola Nokia Samsung BackPlans & ServicesMORE Everything Single Line Plan Prepaid Plans Verizon EDGE Exclusive Apps & Services Media BackHome ServicesWireless Home Phone Network Extender TV, Internet & Home Phone Bundle FiOS BackMobile LivingMobile Living Main Home & Family Entertainment Sports & Wellness Tech Smarts Network & Plans Apps Español BackSupportVerizon Support Community Forums Order Status BackVerizon SupportSupport Overview Device Billing & Payments Plan, Account & Profile Services & AppsEssential Air Travel Tips for Flying with EaseTraveling can be stressful, but with smartphone in hand, these air travel tips will make your journey easier.
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-->More AboutTips Traveler Travel AppsEndless security lines. Expensive tickets. Long delays. Air travel is a world of potential headaches. But thanks to mobile technology, your flying experience can be less turbulent. Here are some top air travel tips to get you through your journey.Book the flight with an appBook your flight from your smartphone or tablet—a great option in case you need to make last-minute changes. Travel-booking app KAYAK collects pricing information from airlines and third-party booking sites to ensure you get the cheapest tickets.The Hipmunk Flight Search app shows the optimal time for booking flights at the cheapest prices. It also displays updated layover times and airport-terminal information.Once you’ve booked your flight, download your airline’s app so you can display your boarding pass on your mobile device. No need to dig the hard copy out of your bag. Just show the pass on your phone’s screen to the airline employee and you’ll be on your way.Stay updated on your flight’s statusWith travel apps such as FlightAware, FlightTrack 5 and SeatGuru, you’ll get updates on weather, gate changes, flight status and more. It’s a convenient way to stay informed.Meet your seatmateWouldn’t it be great if you knew the person seated next to you shared your interests, especially on a long flight? Some airlines let passengers choose seatmates based on business and social-networking profiles.KLM’s Meet & Seat program, for example, lets you view others’ Facebook®, Google+™ or LinkedIn profiles to see where they’ll be sitting. You can then pick a seat next to someone with similar tastes.Accessorize, sit back and relaxYou’ve finally found your seat on the plane. Now what? If the in-flight movie choices aren’t your cup of tea, but there’s Wi-Fi on your flight, you can use a video-streaming app on your smartphone or tablet to select from hundreds of movies and TV shows.Listening to your favorite songs or podcasts can also make a flight more relaxing. Use a music app or download a podcast and use a pair of travel-friendly headphones to tune out any distractions. Great options include Beats Solo™2 On-Ear Headphones, LG TONE INFINIM™ wireless headset, and Powerbeats2™ Wireless earphones.And perhaps most important, keep your devices charged—especially if you’re on a long flight. Just bring along a battery pack like the mophie powerstation® duo XL, which is small enough to slip in your carry-on, so you can charge your devices right from your seat.
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More About Tips Traveler Recommended STORIESHome & Family 8 Best Travel Accessories 8 Best Travel Accessories and Connected Devices Tech Smarts Chargers Make Powerful Gifts A Powerful Gift Idea: One of the Best Cell Phone Chargers Network & Plans 4 Tips for Traveling Abroad International Travel Tips for Staying ConnectedGet the TechAccessorymophie® powerstation® XL AccessoryPowerbeats2 Wireless AccessoryLG Tone Infinim™ Bluetooth® Stereo Headset Accessorymophie® powerstation® duo AccessoryBeats Solo™2 On-Ear Headphones
This content was created by an author contracted by Verizon Wireless to provide helpful information on mobile technology. The thoughts, opinions and suggestions of the author may not necessarily reflect those of Verizon Wireless. Note® is a trademark of Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Get the Tech Powerbeats2 Wireless Accessory Shop Beats Solo™2 On-Ear Headphones Accessory Shop mophie® powerstation® XL Accessory Shop Recommended STORIESTech SmartsA Powerful Gift Idea: One of the Best Cell Phone Chargers Network & PlansInternational Travel Tips for Staying Connected Home & Family8 Best Travel Accessories and Connected Devices
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